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= '''Partial Life and the Semi-Living '''  =
[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/ISBN_Numbers ISBN: 978-1-60785-269-8]


= edited by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr <br>  =
''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_Life/bio Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr]
__TOC__


= <br> =
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction Introduction] ==


<br> Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr
This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- ''Neolifism''. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction (more...)]


[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/IntroductionIntroduction]<br>
== The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living  ==


'''<br>''' This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- ''Neolifism''. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. <br><br> ‘The semi-living’ and ‘partial life’ can be seen as interchangeable terms. There are, however, some nuances between the two. Semi-living entities are usually shaped as forms that are not recognisable as being part of any particular body; partial life can be recognised as parts (such as an ear or tissue) of the whole of a living being. Symbolically, on the continuum of man-made life, semi-living entities are nearer to the constructed side of the scale, while objects of partial life find themselves closer to the grown side of the scale. The ‘population’ of what can be referred to as partial life and semi-living entities has proliferated to reach a vast amount of cells and tissues that are currently living and growing outside of the organisms from which they originated. A rough estimate would put the biomass of the living cells and tissues which are disassociated from the original bodies that once hosted them at millions of tons. In addition, there exist tons of fragments of [http://www.frozenark.org/ bodies (cells, tissues, organs) that are maintained in suspended animation in cryogenic conditions]. All of this biomass requires an intensive technological intervention to prevent transformation to a non-living state. These beings are rarely referred to as subjects; their existence, supported as it is by the techno-scientific project, is indicative of the transformation of life into a raw material that manifests itself in utilitarian and economic value. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction (more...)]
=== Precursors of the Semi-Living  ===
<br><br>
[http://www.frozenark.org/ The Frozen Ark Project]
<br><br>
= The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living  =
<br><br>
== Precursors of the Semi-Living ==
<br><br>
http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896.]
<br><br>
[http://www.archive.org/details/poultrygrowersgu00cyph Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.]
<br><br>
Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner<br>
[http://www.neonatology.org/classics/nic.nih1985.pdf The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective]
<br><br>
== The History of Tissue Culture:  ==
<br><br>
Alexis Carrel<br>
[http://jem.rupress.org/content/15/5/516.full.pdf On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism]
<br><br>
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows<br>
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125263/pdf/387.pdf Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique]
<br><br>
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows<br>
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2124775/pdf/244.pdf An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro]
<br><br>
Alexis Carrel<br>
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125069/pdf/287.pdf Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue]
<br><br>
J. A. Witkowski<br>
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082475/pdf/medhist00098-0025.pdf Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture]
Alexis Carrel<br>
[http://quantumfieldtheory.org/ALEXIS%20CARREL%20Man%20the%20Unknown%201935.pdf ''Men, the Unknown'']
<br><br>
=== Early Tissue Culture in the UK: ===


Early Tissue Culture in Britain: the interwar Years, by Duncan Wilson, in Soc Hist Med (August 2005) 18 (2): 225-243. doi: 10.1093/sochis/hki028 <br>http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/2/225.abstract
;[http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896]


&nbsp;  
;[http://www.archive.org/details/poultrygrowersgu00cyph Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.]


=== The Tissue Culture King  ===
;Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner&nbsp;
:[http://www.neonatology.org/classics/nic.nih1985.pdf The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective]


The Tissue Culture King by Julian Huxley in Great Science Fictions by Scientists, Groff Conklin Ed., Collier Books NY pp.147-170 1946<br>http://www.revolutionsf.com/fiction/tissue/index.html
=== The History of Tissue Culture ===


&nbsp;  
;Alexis Carrel&nbsp;
:[http://jem.rupress.org/content/15/5/516.full.pdf On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism]
;Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows&nbsp;
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125263/pdf/387.pdf Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique]
;Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows&nbsp;
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2124775/pdf/244.pdf An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro]
;Alexis Carrel&nbsp;
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125069/pdf/287.pdf Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue]
;J. A. Witkowski&nbsp;
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082475/pdf/medhist00098-0025.pdf Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture]
;Alexis Carrel&nbsp;
:[http://quantumfieldtheory.org/ALEXIS%20CARREL%20Man%20the%20Unknown%201935.pdf ''Man, the Unknown'']
;Julian Huxley&nbsp;  
:[http://www.revolutionsf.com/fiction/tissue/index.html The Tissue Culture King]


== The Plasticity of Cell Lines  ==
=== The Plasticity of Cell Lines  ===


http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&amp;Template=cellBiology  
;[http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&Template=cellBiology About the ATCC-LGC Standards Partnership, which facilitates the distribution of ATCC cultures and bioproducts to life science researchers throughout Europe and India]
 
;Stephen J. O'Brien&nbsp;
Cell culture forensics by Stephen J. O'Brien Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702<br>http://www.pnas.org/content/98/14/7656.full.pdf  
:[http://www.pnas.org/content/98/14/7656.full.pdf Cell Culture Forensics]
 
;Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins&nbsp;  
Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins (2009) Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine: September 2009, Vol. 133, No. 9, pp. 1463-1467. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463  
:[http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/full/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463 Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination]
 
== Tissue Engineering  ==
 
Tissue engineering by Langer R, Vacanti JP. In Science. 1993 May 14;260(5110):920-6.
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493529 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493529]  
 
<br>


== The Technoscientific Body  ==
== The Technoscientific Body  ==


A microfabricated array bioreactor for perfused 3D liver culture by Mark J. Powers1,2,†, Karel Domansky1,2, Mohammad R. Kaazempur-Mofrad1,3, Artemis Kalezi2,4, Adam Capitano1,2, Arpita Upadhyaya1,3, Petra Kurzawski1,2, Kathryn E. Wack1,2, Donna Beer Stolz5, Roger Kamm1,3, Linda G. Griffith, in Biotechnology and Bioengineering , volume 78, issue 3, 237-353, 2002<br>http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf  
;Mark J. Powers ''et al''.&nbsp;
 
:[http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf A Microfabricated Array Bioreactor for Perfused 3D Liver Culture]
Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle, Jianzhong Xi1, Jacob J. Schmidt1 &amp; Carlo D. Montemagno1, in Nature Materials 4, 180 - 184 (2005) http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v4/n2/full/nmat1308.html  
;Jianzhong Xi, Jacob J. Schmidt and Carlo D. Montemagno&nbsp;
 
:[http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v4/n2/full/nmat1308.html Self-Assembled Microdevices Driven by Muscle]
<br>Cell and Organ Printing 2: Fusion of Cell Aggregates in Three-Dimensional Gels:
;Thomas Boland ''et al''.&nbsp;
 
:[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.10059/pdf Cell and Organ Printing 2: Fusion of Cell Aggregates in Three-Dimensional Gels]
THOMAS BOLAND,1* VLADIMIR MIRONOV,2 ANNA GUTOWSKA,3 ELISABETH. A. ROTH,1 AND ROGER R. MARKWALD2. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary BiologyVolume 272A, Issue 2,<br>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.10059/pdf  
;I. Datar and M. Betti&nbsp;
 
:[http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/datar_and_betti.pdf Possibilities for an In Vitro Meat Production System]
Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system by Datar, M. Betti Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11 (2010) 13–22 <br>http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/datar_and_betti.pdf  
;P. D. Edelman ''et al''.&nbsp;
 
:[http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/Invitro.pdf In Vitro Cultured Meat Production]
P.D. Edelman, D.C. McFarland, V.A. Mironov and J.G. Matheny. Tissue Engineering. May/June 2005, 11(5-6): 659-662. doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.659. In vitro cultured meat production <br>http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/Invitro.pdf  
 
<br>
 
== Cell Fusion, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells  ==


Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine, Jeremy P. Brockes* and Anoop Kumar Science 23 December 2005: <br>Vol. 310 no. 5756 pp. 1919-1923 <br>http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full<br>http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion.
=== Cell Fusion  ===


Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions by Farhan Chowdhury1, Yanzhen Li2, Yeh-Chuin Poh1, Tamaki Yokohama-Tamaki2, Ning Wang1*, Tetsuya S. Tanaka2,3*<br>http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015655
;[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion Cell Fusion]


Living Differently in Time: Plasticity, Temporality, and Cellular Biotechnologies by Hannah Landecker in Culture Machine, Vol 7 (2005) http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewArticle/26/33%3E
== Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells  ==


<br>
;Jeremy P. Brockes and Anoop Kumar&nbsp;
:[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine]
;Farhan Chowdhury ''et al''.&nbsp;
:[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015655 Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions]
;Hannah Landecker&nbsp;
:[http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewArticle/26/33%3E Living Differently in Time: Plasticity, Temporality, and Cellular Biotechnologies]


== Semi-Living Art  ==
== Semi-Living Art  ==


Creating the semi-living: on politics, aesthetics and the more-than-human by Deborah P Dixon. Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersVolume 34, Issue 4, <br>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tran.2009.34.issue-4/issuetoc
;Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr&nbsp;
:[http://www.uoc.edu/artnodes/6/dt/eng/catts_zurr.pdf Towards a New Class of Being –The Extended Body]
;Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr&nbsp;
:[http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/30/37 Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy]
;Oron Catts, ed.&nbsp;
:[http://www.tca.uwa.edu.au/publication/THE_AESTHETICS_OF_CARE.pdf The Aesthetics of Care]


Towards a new class of being –The Extended Body by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr<br>http://www.uoc.edu/artnodes/6/dt/eng/catts_zurr.pdf
== Neolife  ==
 
Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy by Ionat Zurr and Oron Catts in Culture Machine, Vol 7 (2005) <br>http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/30/37


Aesthetics of Care Ed. Oron Catts ISBN: 1 74052 080 7 http://www.tca.uwa.edu.au/publication/THE_AESTHETICS_OF_CARE.pdf
;[http://www.tcaproject.org The Tissue Culture and Art Project]


<br>
;[http://www.frozenark.org/ The Frozen Ark Project]


== Neolife  ==
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Attributions Attributions] ==


http://www.tcaproject.org<br>http://www.frozenark.org/ <br><br> [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Attributions Attributions]
== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Partiallife.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Latest revision as of 13:57, 19 January 2012

PartiallifeCover1.jpg
PartiallifeCover1.jpg

ISBN: 978-1-60785-269-8

edited by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr

Introduction

This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- Neolifism. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. (more...)

The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living

Precursors of the Semi-Living

Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896
Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.
Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner 
The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective

The History of Tissue Culture

Alexis Carrel 
On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows 
Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows 
An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro
Alexis Carrel 
Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue
J. A. Witkowski 
Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture
Alexis Carrel 
Man, the Unknown
Julian Huxley 
The Tissue Culture King

The Plasticity of Cell Lines

About the ATCC-LGC Standards Partnership, which facilitates the distribution of ATCC cultures and bioproducts to life science researchers throughout Europe and India
Stephen J. O'Brien 
Cell Culture Forensics
Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins 
Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination

The Technoscientific Body

Mark J. Powers et al
A Microfabricated Array Bioreactor for Perfused 3D Liver Culture
Jianzhong Xi, Jacob J. Schmidt and Carlo D. Montemagno 
Self-Assembled Microdevices Driven by Muscle
Thomas Boland et al
Cell and Organ Printing 2: Fusion of Cell Aggregates in Three-Dimensional Gels
I. Datar and M. Betti 
Possibilities for an In Vitro Meat Production System
P. D. Edelman et al
In Vitro Cultured Meat Production

Cell Fusion

Cell Fusion

Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells

Jeremy P. Brockes and Anoop Kumar 
Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine
Farhan Chowdhury et al
Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions
Hannah Landecker 
Living Differently in Time: Plasticity, Temporality, and Cellular Biotechnologies

Semi-Living Art

Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr 
Towards a New Class of Being –The Extended Body
Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr 
Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy
Oron Catts, ed. 
The Aesthetics of Care

Neolife

The Tissue Culture and Art Project
The Frozen Ark Project

Attributions

A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book

Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011