Symbiosis/Introduction: Difference between revisions

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Otherness, process, multiplicity and cooperation
This living book is also a symbiotic book. It is a merging and cohabitation of different media-species, a mash-up of text and video, sound and images, pixels and living, material tissue. The digital medium has in many ways made it possible for the book to become increasingly infected with foreign non-textual elements, as it is evolving into something different, into a becoming in which the book might even mean the disappearance of the book as we know it and the rise of a new symbiotic book-evolved hybrid species.


For the biologist Lynn Margulis, symbiosis has been the major theme around which she developed her, by some viewed as controversial, evolutionary biological research. Margulis states that in science there are still many hidden assumptions that man is the center of things and resides in the middle of the chain of evolution, ‘below god and above rock’. However, as Margulis has defended in her revolutionary work on the importance of endosymbiosis for evolution, all life forms can be seen to have evolved from microbes and from the interactions between bacteria. In some cases symbiosis even evolves into symbiogenesis, which is  when certain forms of long-term living together lead to the appearance of new species or new organs.  
The symbiotic book in this context also forms a tool for critique, a critique targeted at visions of the book as a static, stable entity, a lifeless thing, a death tree. The symbiotic book as a concept argues for the book as becoming, as infinitely transforming and interacting and crossing over into other books and other discourses. In this vision these networked, liquid books form an ecology of information, growing stronger and more consistent in mutual cooperation. Cooperation as books, as ‘lifeless entities’, or nonorganic matter, also takes places with and via the living, with the human assemblages that create the books, feed into them, and make them part of the networks through which they algorithmically spread over the web, keeping the book alive, keeping it social.


Organisms merge with other organisms, acquiring their gene sets at the same time. Margulis main claim, for which she draws amongst others on earlier work by the biologist Ivan Wallin, is thus that in most cases evolutionary novelty arises as a consequence of symbiosis, which goes directly against a Darwinian ‘nucleocentric view of evolution as a bloody struggle of animals. Margulis claims concerning symbiosis have within mainstream evolutionary biology been seen as controversial and extreme, not only through her insistence on symbiosis and evolutionary cooperation as an alternative theory to Darwinian struggle, but also in her insistence that not only plants an animals evolved from the interaction of microbes , but all lifeforms. And as she states ‘the idea that new species arise from symbiotic mergers among members of old ones is still not even discussed in polite scientific society.
The symbiotic book crosses boundaries. Boundaries between the life sciences and the humanities, boundaries between the scholarly world and society at large, making the book open for infection, for re-use, remixing and change. The symbiotic book has borders though. Evolution is a slow process, heavily influenced by environmental and cultural barriers. But maybe some genetic modification might be beneficial in this respect.
 
Another aspect of Margulis adaptation and use of symbiosis in biological discourse that has been controversial is her connection with James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis. The gaia hypotheses proposes a holistic view on the earth as a self regulating system of organic and inorganic matter, through its feedback system operating as a close unity. This idea is visible in many present-day ecosophies. However, the mixing of a near spiritual and religious rhetoric with scientific facts was not claimed serious enough by many biological researchers and it was seen as too harmonious according to the ‘struggle as survival’ evolutionary strand of neodarwinians.

Revision as of 18:05, 2 October 2011

This living book is also a symbiotic book. It is a merging and cohabitation of different media-species, a mash-up of text and video, sound and images, pixels and living, material tissue. The digital medium has in many ways made it possible for the book to become increasingly infected with foreign non-textual elements, as it is evolving into something different, into a becoming in which the book might even mean the disappearance of the book as we know it and the rise of a new symbiotic book-evolved hybrid species.

The symbiotic book in this context also forms a tool for critique, a critique targeted at visions of the book as a static, stable entity, a lifeless thing, a death tree. The symbiotic book as a concept argues for the book as becoming, as infinitely transforming and interacting and crossing over into other books and other discourses. In this vision these networked, liquid books form an ecology of information, growing stronger and more consistent in mutual cooperation. Cooperation as books, as ‘lifeless entities’, or nonorganic matter, also takes places with and via the living, with the human assemblages that create the books, feed into them, and make them part of the networks through which they algorithmically spread over the web, keeping the book alive, keeping it social.

The symbiotic book crosses boundaries. Boundaries between the life sciences and the humanities, boundaries between the scholarly world and society at large, making the book open for infection, for re-use, remixing and change. The symbiotic book has borders though. Evolution is a slow process, heavily influenced by environmental and cultural barriers. But maybe some genetic modification might be beneficial in this respect.