The Unborn Human: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:03, 27 June 2014

Introduction: Conceptualising and Configuring the Unborn Human

Unborn human organisms – embryos and foetuses – experience an unprecedented level of discursive prominence in the contemporary era. Debates about the moral status of the unborn, about their claims to personhood and whether they should be treated as full human subjects, have been ongoing for a long time, particularly in areas related to religious philosophy, bioethics and abortion politics. Over the past half-century, however, these debates have become more diversified, intense and complex in response to a number of social, technological and economic changes. More so than at any other time in human history, embryos and foetuses are represented in public forums as beautiful, precious, vulnerable creatures that require the utmost levels of protection. They are commonly positioned as already fully human, indeed as already infants, and hence as deserving of the rights and privileges accorded the infant. (more)

Debates Over Unborn Personhood

P Kreeft: Human personhood begins at conception
R George and P Lee: Embryonic human persons. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research
J Barry: Medico-Christian Embryology, or the Unborn Child (From the Earliest Period of its Existence)

Mourning and Remembering the Lost Unborn

M Kelley and S Trinidad: Silent loss and the clinical encounter: parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth – a qualitative analysis
D Davidson: Reflections on doing research grounded in my experience of perinatal loss: from auto/biography to autoethnography
S Murphy and H Thomas: Stillbirth and loss: family practices and display
Memorial video for pregnancy loss

Struggles Over Dealing with the Unwanted Unborn

A Moscrop: ‘Miscarriage or abortion?’ Understanding the medical language of pregnancy loss in Britain; a historical perspective
W Tong, W Low, Y Wong, S Choong and R Jegasothy: Exploring pregnancy termination experiences and needs among Malaysian women: a qualitative study
The World’s Abortion Laws 2013 website
N Zamberlin, M Romero and S Ramos: Latin American women’s experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted
S Barot: Governmental coercion in reproductive decision making: see it both ways
S Childs and E Evans: The revived debate on abortion is not simply dog whistle politics, but a threat to women’s rights
A Peck: Personhood advocates continue war on women’s rights despite growing list of defeats
Personhood USA website
‘The Miracle of Life’ (excerpt from an anti-abortion film)
N Stotland: Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications
D Murphy: My foetus (review of documentary of this name)

Assessing the Quality of the Unborn

S Wang: The past, present, and future of embryo selection in in vitro fertilization
A Theodosiou and M Johnson: The politics of human embryo research and the motivation to achieve PGD
Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales
S Aksoy: Antenatal screening and its possible meaning from the unborn baby's perspective
F Place: Amniocentesis and motherhood: how prenatal testing shapes our cultural understandings of pregnancy and disability
Parliamentary Inquiry into Abortion on the Grounds of Disability

The Surplus Unborn Entity

J Conde: Embryo donation: the government adopts a cause
P Andrews, H Moore and A Smith: Human embryonic stem cells: prospects for human health – a 1 day international symposium held at the University of Sheffield
H Greely: Moving human embryonic stem cells from legislature to lab: remaining legal and ethical questions
R Blackford: Stem cell research on other worlds, or why embryos do not have a right to life
T Douglas and J Savulescu: Destroying unwanted embryos in research. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research
B Manninen: Revisiting the argument from fetal potential
B Manninen: Are human embryos Kantian persons? Kantian considerations in favor of embryonic stem cell research
E Sills and S Murphy: Determining the status of non-transferred embryos in Ireland: a conspectus of case law and implications for clinical IVF practice
A Sagan and P Singer: Embryos, stem cells and moral status: a response to George and Lee
E Haimes and K Taylor: The contributions of empirical evidence to socio-ethical debates on fresh embryo donation for human embryonic stem cell research
S Takahashi, M Fujita, A Fujimoto, T Fujiwara, T Yano, O Tsutsumi, Y Taketani and A Akabayashi: The decision-making process for the fate of frozen embryos by Japanese infertile women: a qualitative study

Unborn Entities as Moral Work Objects

W Saletan: The healer: how Shinya Yamanaka transformed the stem-cell war and made everyone a winner
K Ehrich, C Williams and B Farsides: The embryo as moral work object: PGD/IVF staff views and experiences
K Ehrich, C Williams and B Farsides: Fresh or frozen? Classifying ‘spare’ embryos for donation to human embryonic stem cell research
K Ehrich, C Williams, B Farsides, J Sandall and R Scott: Choosing embryos: ethical complexity and relational autonomy in staff accounts of PGD
K Ehrich, C Williams, B Farsides and R Scott: Embryo futures and stem cell research: the management of informed uncertainty

Visualising the Unborn

H Barniville: The morphology and histology of a human embryo of 8.5 mm
‘Making Visible Embryos’ website
‘Lennart Nilsson Photography’ website
‘The Visual MD’ (Alexander Tsiaras’s company) website
‘The Visible Embryo’ website
‘The Multi Dimensional Human Embryo’ website
‘In the Womb’ (excerpt from a National Geographic documentary)
‘The Miracle of Life Part 1’ (excerpt from Lennart Nilsson's documentary)
Alexander Tsiaras's TED talk about his visualisations of the unborn
‘The Sociology of the Unborn’ Pinterest board
E Tansey and D Christie (eds): Looking At the Unborn: Historical Aspects of Obstetric Ultrasound
N Reissland, B Francis, J Mason and K Lincoln: Do facial expressions develop before birth?
‘The Ultrasound as Cultural Artefact’ Pinterest board

Risk and Maternal Responsibility

T A Helme: An address on the unborn child: its care and rights
B Rhetta: A plea for the lives of the unborn
I Monie: Influence of the environment on the unborn
J Machado, P Filho, G Petersen and J Chatkin: Quantitative effects of tobacco smoking exposure on the maternal-fetal circulation
C Spong: Protection against prenatal alcohol-induced damage
S Yazdani, Y Yosofniyapasha, B Nasab, M Mojaveri and Z Bouzari: Effect of maternal body mass index on pregnancy outcome and newborn weight
E Saastad, B Winje, B Pedersen, B. Stray and Froen, J. Frederick: Fetal movement counting improved identification of fetal growth restriction and perinatal outcomes – a multi-centre, randomized, control trial
P Lowe, E Lee and L Yardley: Under the influence? The construction of foetal alcohol syndrome in UK newspapers
K McDonald, L Amir and M-A Davey: Maternal bodies and medicines: a commentary on risk and decision-making of pregnant and breastfeeding women and health professionals
A Maas, C Vreeswijk, E de Cock, C Rijk and H van Bakel: 'Expectant parents': study protocol of a longitudinal study concerning prenatal (risk) factors and postnatal infant development, parenting, and parent-infant relationships
E Beveridge, H Anath and H Scurlock: What protection for the unborn child of a psychologically vulnerable adult?
J Dayan, C Creveuil, M Dreyfus, M Herlicoviez, J-M Baleyte and V O’Keane: Developmental model of depression applied to prenatal depression: role of past and present life events, post emotional disorders and pregnancy stress
S Ratnapalan, Y Bentur and G Koren: Doctor, will that x-ray harm my unborn child?
H Bayrampour, M Heaman, K Duncan and S Tough: Advanced maternal age and risk perception: a qualitative study
R Westfall and C Benoit: Interpreting compliance and resistance to medical dominance in women’s accounts of their pregnancies
S Viaux-Savalon, M Dommergues, O Rosenblum, M Bodeau, E Aidane, O Philippon, P Mazet, C Vibert-Guigue, D Vauthier-Brouzes, R Feldman and D Cohen: Prenatal ultrasound screening: false positive soft markers may alter maternal representations and mother-infant interaction

Bringing the Maternal Body Back In

J Souza, A Oliveira-Neto, F Surita, J Cecatti, E Amaral and J Pinto e Silva: The prolongation of somatic support in a pregnant woman with brain-death: a case report
D Riggs and C Due: Gay men, race and surrogacy in India
A Bosanquet: An image carnal and divine: angels playing with placenta

Attributions

A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book

Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 13th June 2013

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/ISBN_Numbers ISBN: 978-1-60785-xxx-x]
+[[Image:Unborn_human_3.jpg|right|318x450px|Unborn_human_3.jpg]]
-''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/bio Deborah Lupton] __TOC__
+[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/ISBN_Numbers ISBN: 978-1-60785-330-5]
+''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/bio Deborah Lupton]
+ __TOC__
 == '''Introduction:&nbsp;Conceptualising&nbsp;and Configuring the Unborn Human'''&nbsp;  ==
+Unborn human organisms – embryos and foetuses – experience an unprecedented level of discursive prominence in the contemporary era. Debates about the moral status of the unborn, about their claims to personhood and whether they should be treated as full human subjects, have been ongoing for a long time, particularly in areas related to religious philosophy, bioethics and abortion politics. Over the past half-century, however, these debates have become more diversified, intense and complex in response to a number of social, technological and economic changes. More so than at any other time in human history, embryos and foetuses are represented in public forums as beautiful, precious, vulnerable creatures that require the utmost levels of protection. They are commonly positioned as already fully human, indeed as already infants, and hence as deserving of the rights and privileges accorded the infant. ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/Introduction more]) <br>
-FIRST PARAGRAPH([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/Introduction more])
+== Debates Over Unborn Personhood ==
+; P Kreeft : [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/abortion/ab0004.html Human personhood begins at conception]
+; R George and P Lee : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672893 Embryonic human persons. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research]
+; J Barry : [http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/muradora/objectView.action?pid=nlm:nlmuid-101161766-bk Medico-Christian Embryology, or the Unborn Child (From the Earliest Period of its Existence)]
-Unborn human organisms – embryos and foetuses -- receive an unprecedented level of prominence in the contemporary era. There have long been debates about the moral status of the unborn and their claims to personhood and to be treated as full human subjects, particularly in relation to religious philosophy, bioethics and abortion politics. Over the past half-century, however, these debates have become more diversified, intense and complex in response to a number of social, technological and economic changes. More so than at any other time in human history, embryos and foetuses are represented in public forums as beautiful, precious, vulnerable creatures that require the utmost levels of protection. They are commonly represented as already fully human, indeed as already infants, and deserving of the rights and privileges accorded the infant. <br>
+== Mourning and Remembering the Lost Unborn ==
+; M Kelley and S Trinidad : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/137 Silent loss and the clinical encounter: parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth – a qualitative analysis]
+; D Davidson : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/16/1/6.html Reflections on doing research grounded in my experience of perinatal loss: from auto/biography to autoethnography]
+; S Murphy and H Thomas : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/18/1/16.html Stillbirth and loss: family practices and display]
+; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MGndijGHg4&feature=related Memorial video for pregnancy loss]
+== Struggles Over Dealing with the Unwanted Unborn ==
-== Debates Over Unborn Personhood ==
+; A Moscrop : [http://mh.bmj.com/content/early/2013/02/20/medhum-2012-010284.full ‘Miscarriage or abortion?’ Understanding the medical language of pregnancy loss in Britain; a historical perspective]
-; Aksoy, S. : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/2/3 Antenatal screening and its possible meaning from the unborn baby's perspective]
+; W Tong, W Low, Y Wong, S Choong and R Jegasothy : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/743 Exploring pregnancy termination experiences and needs among Malaysian women: a qualitative study]
-; Andrews, P., Moore, H. and Smith, A. : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00027.x/full Human embryonic stem cells: prospects for human health – a 1 day international symposium held at the University of Sheffield]
+; [http://worldabortionlaws.com/map/ The World’s Abortion Laws 2013 website]
-; Barot, S. : [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/15/4/gpr150407.html Governmental coercion in reproductive decision making: see it both ways]
+; N Zamberlin, M Romero and S Ramos : [http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/9/1/34 Latin American women’s experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted]
-; Barry, J. : [http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/muradora/objectView.action?pid=nlm:nlmuid-101161766-bk Medico-Christian Embryology, or the Unborn Child (From the Earliest Period of its Existence)]
+; S Barot : [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/15/4/gpr150407.html Governmental coercion in reproductive decision making: see it both ways]
-; Blackford, R. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564478/ Stem cell research on other worlds, or why embryos do not have a right to life]
+; S Childs and E Evans : [http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/27716 The revived debate on abortion is not simply dog whistle politics, but a threat to women’s rights]
-; Childs, S. and Evans, E. : [http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/27716 The revived debate on abortion is not simply dog whistle politics, but a threat to women’s rights]
+; A Peck : [http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/02/12/1576881/personhood-map/?mobile=nc Personhood advocates continue war on women’s rights despite growing list of defeats]
-; Conde, J. : [http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol13/iss1/7 Embryo donation: the government adopts a cause]
-; Davidson, D. : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/16/1/6.html Reflections on doing research grounded in my experience of perinatal loss: from auto/biography to autoethnography]
-; Douglas, T. and Savulescu, J. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672894/ Destroying unwanted embryos in research. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research]
-; Ehrich, K., Williams, C. and Farsides, B. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592482 The embryo as moral work object: PGD/IVF staff views and experiences]
-; Ehrich, K., Williams, C. and Farsides, B. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003156/ Fresh or frozen? Classifying ‘spare’ embryos for donation to human embryonic stem cell research]
-; Ehrich, K., Williams, C., Farsides, B., Sandall, J. and Scott, R. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440558/ Choosing embryos: ethical complexity and relational autonomy in staff accounts of PGD]
-; Ehrich, K., Williams, C., Farsides, B. and Scott, R. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378712/ Embryo futures and stem cell research: the management of informed uncertainty]
-; George, R. and Lee, P. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672893 Embryonic human persons. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research]
-; Greely, H. : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030143 Moving human embryonic stem cells from legislature to lab: remaining legal and ethical questions]
-; Haimes, E. and Taylor, K. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130929 The contributions of empirical evidence to socio-ethical debates on fresh embryo donation for human embryonic stem cell research]
-; Kelley, M. and Trinidad, S. : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/137 Silent loss and the clinical encounter: parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth – a qualitative analysis]
-; Kreeft, P. : [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/abortion/ab0004.html Human personhood begins at conception]
-; Manninen, B. : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/2/1/7 Revisiting the argument from fetal potential]
-; Manninen, B. : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/3/1/4 Are human embryos Kantian persons? Kantian considerations in favor of embryonic stem cell research]
-[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MGndijGHg4&feature=related Memorial video for pregnancy loss]
-; Moscrop, A. : [http://mh.bmj.com/content/early/2013/02/20/medhum-2012-010284.full ‘Miscarriage or abortion?’ Understanding the medical language of pregnancy loss in Britain; a historical perspective]
-; Murphy, D. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404517 My foetus (review of documentary of this name)]
-; Murphy, S. and Thomas, H. : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/18/1/16.html Stillbirth and loss: family practices and display]
-[http://www.abortionanddisability.org/index.html Parliamentary Inquiry into Abortion on the Grounds of Disability]
-; Peck, A. : [http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/02/12/1576881/personhood-map/?mobile=nc Personhood advocates continue war on women’s rights despite growing list of defeats]
 ; [http://www.personhoodusa.com/ Personhood USA website]
-; Place, F. : [http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/53 Amniocentesis and motherhood: how prenatal testing shapes our cultural understandings of pregnancy and disability]
-; [http://www.rcog.org.uk/termination-pregnancy-fetal-abnormality-england-scotland-and-wales Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales]
-; Sagan, A. and Singer, P. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799205/ Embryos, stem cells and moral status: a response to George and Lee]
-; Saletan, W. : [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2012/10/shinya_yamanaka_s_nobel_prize_he_saved_embryos_not_just_stem_cell_research_.html The healer: how Shinya Yamanaka transformed the stem-cell war and made everyone a winner]
-; Sills, E. and Murphy, S. : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/4/1/8 Determining the status of non-transferred embryos in Ireland: a conspectus of case law and implications for clinical IVF practice]
-; Stotland, N. [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=172914 Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications]
-; Takahashi, S., Fujita, M., Fujimoto, A., Fujiwara, T., Yano, T., Tsutsumi, O., Taketani, Y. and Akabayashi, A. : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/13/9 The decision-making process for the fate of frozen embryos by Japanese infertile women: a qualitative study]
 ; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJIKe9eJLh4&feature=related ‘The Miracle of Life’ (excerpt from an anti-abortion film)]
-; [http://worldabortionlaws.com/map/ The World’s Abortion Laws 2013 website]
+; N Stotland : [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=172914 Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications]
-; Theodosiou, A. and Johnson, M. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101706/The politics of human embryo research and the motivation to achieve PGD]
+; D Murphy : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404517 My foetus (review of documentary of this name)]
-; Tong, W., Low, W., Wong, Y., Choong, S. and Jegasothy, R. : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/743 Exploring pregnancy termination experiences and needs among Malaysian women: a qualitative study]
-; Wang, S. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238312 The past, present, and future of embryo selection in in vitro fertilization]
-; Zamberlin, N., Romero, M. and Ramos, S. : [http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/9/1/34 Latin American women’s experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted]
-== Visualising the Unborn ==
+== Assessing the Quality of the Unborn ==
-[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70 Alexander Tsiaras's TED talk about his visualisations of the unborn]
+; S Wang : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238312 The past, present, and future of embryo selection in in vitro fertilization]
-; Barniville, H. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288991/ The morphology and histology of a human embryo of 8.5 mm]
+; A Theodosiou and M Johnson: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101706/ The politics of human embryo research and the motivation to achieve PGD]
-[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi-TLTQemNU&feature=related ‘In the Womb’ (excerpt from a National Geographic documentary)]
+; [http://www.rcog.org.uk/termination-pregnancy-fetal-abnormality-england-scotland-and-wales Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales]
-[http://www.lennartnilsson.com/child_is_born.html ‘Lennart Nilsson Photography’ website]
+; S Aksoy : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/2/3 Antenatal screening and its possible meaning from the unborn baby's perspective]
-[http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/visibleembryos ‘Making Visible Embryos’ website]
+; F Place : [http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/53 Amniocentesis and motherhood: how prenatal testing shapes our cultural understandings of pregnancy and disability]
-; Reissland, N., Francis, B., Mason, J. and Lincoln, K. : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024081 Do facial expressions develop before birth?]
+; [http://www.abortionanddisability.org/index.html Parliamentary Inquiry into Abortion on the Grounds of Disability]
-; Tansey, E. and Christie, D. (eds) : [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2075 Looking At the Unborn: Historical Aspects of Obstetric Ultrasound]
-[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR75Y3G8PHA&playnext=1&list=PLC2A3CE4928E3617F&feature=results_main ‘The Miracle of Life Part 1’ (excerpt from Lennart Nilsson's documentary)]
-[http://embryo.soad.umich.edu/ ‘The Multi Dimensional Human Embryo’ website]
-[http://pinterest.com/dalupton/sociology-of-the-unborn ‘The Sociology of the Unborn’ Pinterest board]
-[http://pinterest.com/dalupton/the-ultrasound-as-cultural-artefact ‘The Ultrasound as Cultural Artefact’ Pinterest board]
-[http://www.visembryo.com&nbsp ‘The Visible Embryo’ website]
-[http://www.anatomicaltravel.com/ ‘The Visual MD’ (Alexander Tsiaras’s company) website]
-== Risk and Maternal Responsibility ==
+== The Surplus Unborn Entity ==
-; Bayrampour, H., Heaman, M. Duncan, K. and Tough, S. : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/100 Advanced maternal age and risk perception: a qualitative study]
+; J Conde : [http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol13/iss1/7 Embryo donation: the government adopts a cause]
-; Beveridge, E., Anath, H. and Scurlock, H. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539404 What protection for the unborn child of a psychologically vulnerable adult?]
+; P Andrews, H Moore and A Smith : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00027.x/full Human embryonic stem cells: prospects for human health – a 1 day international symposium held at the University of Sheffield]
-; Dayan, J., Creveuil, C., Dreyfus, M., Herlicoviez, M., Baleyte, J.-M. and O’Keane, V. : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012942 Developmental model of depression applied to prenatal depression: role of past and present life events, post emotional disorders and pregnancy stress]
+; H Greely : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030143 Moving human embryonic stem cells from legislature to lab: remaining legal and ethical questions]
-Helme, T.A. (1907) An address on the unborn child: its care and rights. British Medical Journal, 2(2434), 421—5.
+; R Blackford : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564478/ Stem cell research on other worlds, or why embryos do not have a right to life]
-Link to the US National Library of Medicine: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2358178
+; T Douglas and J Savulescu : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672894/ Destroying unwanted embryos in research. Talking Point on morality and human embryo research]
+; B Manninen : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/2/1/7 Revisiting the argument from fetal potential]
+; B Manninen: [http://www.peh-med.com/content/3/1/4 Are human embryos Kantian persons? Kantian considerations in favor of embryonic stem cell research]
+; E Sills and S Murphy : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/4/1/8 Determining the status of non-transferred embryos in Ireland: a conspectus of case law and implications for clinical IVF practice]
+; A Sagan and P Singer: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799205/ Embryos, stem cells and moral status: a response to George and Lee]
+; E Haimes and K Taylor : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130929 The contributions of empirical evidence to socio-ethical debates on fresh embryo donation for human embryonic stem cell research]
+; S Takahashi, M Fujita, A Fujimoto, T Fujiwara, T Yano, O Tsutsumi, Y Taketani and A Akabayashi : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/13/9 The decision-making process for the fate of frozen embryos by Japanese infertile women: a qualitative study]
-Lowe, P., Lee, E. and Yardley, L. (2010) Under the influence? The construction of foetal alcohol syndrome in UK newspapers. Sociological Research Online, 15(4).
+== Unborn Entities as Moral Work Objects ==
-Link to the Sociological Research Online website: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/4/2.html
+; W Saletan:[http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2012/10/shinya_yamanaka_s_nobel_prize_he_saved_embryos_not_just_stem_cell_research_.html The healer: how Shinya Yamanaka transformed the stem-cell war and made everyone a winner]
+; K Ehrich, C Williams and B Farsides : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592482 The embryo as moral work object: PGD/IVF staff views and experiences]
+; K Ehrich, C Williams and B Farsides : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003156/ Fresh or frozen? Classifying ‘spare’ embryos for donation to human embryonic stem cell research]
+; K Ehrich, C Williams, B Farsides, J Sandall and R Scott: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440558/ Choosing embryos: ethical complexity and relational autonomy in staff accounts of PGD]
+; K Ehrich, C Williams, B Farsides and R Scott: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378712/ Embryo futures and stem cell research: the management of informed uncertainty]
-Maas, A., Vreeswijk, C., de Cock, E., Rijk, C. and van Bakel, H. (2012) 'Expectant parents': study protocol of a longitudinal study concerning prenatal (risk) factors and postnatal infant development, parenting, and parent-infant relationships. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(46). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/46
+== Visualising the Unborn ==
-Licence: © 2012 A. Maas et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author is properly cited.
+; H Barniville : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288991/ The morphology and histology of a human embryo of 8.5 mm]
+; [http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/visibleembryos ‘Making Visible Embryos’ website]
+; [http://www.lennartnilsson.com/child_is_born.html ‘Lennart Nilsson Photography’ website]
+; [http://www.anatomicaltravel.com/ ‘The Visual MD’ (Alexander Tsiaras’s company) website]
+; [http://www.visembryo.com&nbsp ‘The Visible Embryo’ website]
+; [http://embryo.soad.umich.edu/ ‘The Multi Dimensional Human Embryo’ website]
+; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi-TLTQemNU&feature=related ‘In the Womb’ (excerpt from a National Geographic documentary)]
+; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR75Y3G8PHA&playnext=1&list=PLC2A3CE4928E3617F&feature=results_main ‘The Miracle of Life Part 1’ (excerpt from Lennart Nilsson's documentary)]
+; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70 Alexander Tsiaras's TED talk about his visualisations of the unborn]
+; [http://pinterest.com/dalupton/sociology-of-the-unborn ‘The Sociology of the Unborn’ Pinterest board]
+; E Tansey and D Christie (eds) : [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2075 Looking At the Unborn: Historical Aspects of Obstetric Ultrasound]
+; N Reissland, B Francis, J Mason and K Lincoln : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024081 Do facial expressions develop before birth?]
+; [http://pinterest.com/dalupton/the-ultrasound-as-cultural-artefact ‘The Ultrasound as Cultural Artefact’ Pinterest board]
-McDonald, K., Amir, L. and Davey, M-A. (2011) Maternal bodies and medicines: a commentary on risk and decision-making of pregnant and breastfeeding women and health professionals. BMC Public Health, 11(Suppl 5). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/S5/S5
+== Risk and Maternal Responsibility ==
-Licence: © 2011 K. McDonald et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
+; T A Helme : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2358178 An address on the unborn child: its care and rights]
+; B Rhetta : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622137 A plea for the lives of the unborn]
-Machado, J., Filho, P., Petersen, G. and Chatkin, J. (2011) Quantitative effects of tobacco smoking exposure on the maternal-fetal circulation. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11(24). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/11/24
+; I Monie : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1515272/ Influence of the environment on the unborn]
-Licence: © 2011 J. Machado et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author is properly cited.
+; J Machado, P Filho, G Petersen and J Chatkin : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/11/24 Quantitative effects of tobacco smoking exposure on the maternal-fetal circulation]
+; C Spong : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030196 Protection against prenatal alcohol-induced damage]
-Monie, I. (1963) Influence of the environment on the unborn. Western Journal of Medicine, 99(5), 323—27.
+; S Yazdani, Y Yosofniyapasha, B Nasab, M Mojaveri and Z Bouzari : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/34  Effect of maternal body mass index on pregnancy outcome and newborn weight]
-Link to the US National Library of Medicine: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1515272/
+; E Saastad, B Winje, B Pedersen, B. Stray and Froen, J. Frederick : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028482 Fetal movement counting improved identification of fetal growth restriction and perinatal outcomes – a multi-centre, randomized, control trial]
+; P Lowe, E Lee and L Yardley : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/4/2.html Under the influence? The construction of foetal alcohol syndrome in UK newspapers]
-Ratnapalan, S., Bentur, Y. and Koren, G. (2008) Doctor, will that x-ray harm my unborn child? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 179(12), 1293—6.
+; K McDonald, L Amir and M-A Davey : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/S5/S5 Maternal bodies and medicines: a commentary on risk and decision-making of pregnant and breastfeeding women and health professionals]
-Link to the US National Library of Medicine: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2585137
+; A Maas, C Vreeswijk, E de Cock, C Rijk and H van Bakel : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/46 'Expectant parents': study protocol of a longitudinal study concerning prenatal (risk) factors and postnatal infant development, parenting, and parent-infant relationships]
+; E Beveridge, H Anath and H Scurlock: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539404 What protection for the unborn child of a psychologically vulnerable adult?]
-Rhetta, B. (1915) A plea for the lives of the unborn. Journal of the National Medical Association, 7(3), 200—5.
+; J Dayan, C Creveuil, M Dreyfus, M Herlicoviez, J-M Baleyte and V O’Keane : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012942 Developmental model of depression applied to prenatal depression: role of past and present life events, post emotional disorders and pregnancy stress]
-Link to the US National Library of Medicine: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622137
+; S Ratnapalan, Y Bentur and G Koren : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2585137 Doctor, will that x-ray harm my unborn child?]
+; H Bayrampour, M Heaman, K Duncan  and S Tough : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/100 Advanced maternal age and risk perception: a qualitative study]
-Saastad, E., Winje, B., Pedersen, B. Stray and Froen, J. Frederick (2011) Fetal movement counting improved identification of fetal growth restriction and perinatal outcomes – a multi-centre, randomized, control trial. PLoS One, 6(12). http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028482
+; R Westfall and C Benoit : [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/3/4.html  Interpreting compliance and resistance to medical dominance in women’s accounts of their pregnancies]
-Licence: © 2011 E. Saastad et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
+; S Viaux-Savalon, M Dommergues, O Rosenblum, M Bodeau, E Aidane, O Philippon, P Mazet, C Vibert-Guigue, D Vauthier-Brouzes, R Feldman and D Cohen : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030935 Prenatal ultrasound screening: false positive soft markers may alter maternal representations and mother-infant interaction]
-Spong, C. (2006) Protection against prenatal alcohol-induced damage. PLoS Medicine, 3(4). http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030196
-Licence: © 2006 C. Spong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
-Viaux-Savalen, S. et al. (2012) Prenatal ultrasound screening: false positive soft markers may alter maternal representations and mother-infant interaction. PLoS One, 7(1). http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030935
-Licence: © 2011 S. Viaux-Savelen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
-Westfall, R. and Benoit, C. (2008) Interpreting compliance and resistance to medical dominance in women’s accounts of their pregnancies. Sociological Research Online, 13(3).
-Link to the Sociological Research Online website: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/3/4.html
-Yazdani, S., Yosofniyapasha, Y., Nasab, B. Hassan, Mojaveri, M. Hagshenas, and Bouzari, Z. (2012) Effect of maternal body mass index on pregnancy outcome and newborn weight. BMC Research Notes, 5(34). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/34
-Licence: © 2012 S. Yazdani et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 == Bringing the Maternal Body Back In ==
+; J Souza, A Oliveira-Neto, F Surita, J Cecatti, E Amaral and J Pinto e Silva: [http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/3/1/3 The prolongation of somatic support in a pregnant woman with brain-death: a case report]
+; D Riggs  and C Due : [http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-22/ Gay men, race and surrogacy in India]
+; A Bosanquet : [http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-22/bosanquet An image carnal and divine: angels playing with placenta]
-Bosanquet, A. (2010) An image carnal and divine: angels playing with placentas. Outskirts, 22.
+== '''[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/Attributions Attributions]''' ==
-Link to the Outskirts journal online: http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-22/bosanquet
-Riggs, D. and Due, C. (2010) Gay men, race privilege and surrogacy in India. Outskirts, 22. Link to the Outskirts journal online: http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-22/riggs.
-Souza, J., Oliveira-Neto, A., Surita, F. Garanhani, Cecatti, J., Amaral, E. and e Silva, J. Pinto (2006) The prolongation of somatic support in a pregnant woman with brain-death: a case report. Reproductive Health, 3(3). http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/3/1/3
-Licence: © 2006 J. Souza et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
-<br>&nbsp;
+== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
+; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/The_Unborn_Human.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 13th June 2013]
-== '''[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Unborn_Human/Attributions Attributions]''' ==

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