Living Books About Life - User contributions [en-gb]

Life in Code and Software

2012-04-26T11:15:18Z

Pw: volume cover added

[[Image:lifeincode2.jpg|right|318x450px|LivingCodeSoftwareCover.jpg]] Mediated life in a complex computational ecology

 [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/ISBN_Numbers ISBN: 978-1-60785-XXX-X] ''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/bio David Berry]

 

__TOC__

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Introduction '''Introduction: What is code and software?'''] ==

This book explores the relationship between living and code and software. It does so because these technologies increasingly make up an important part of our urban environment, and indeed stretching even to very remote areas of the world. The book introduces and explores the way in which code and software become the conditions of possibility for human living, crucially becoming a computational ecology which we inhabit. As such we need to take account of this new computational world and think about how we live today in a highly mediated code-based world. Computer code and software are not merely mechanisms, they represent an extremely rich form of media. They differ from previous instantiations of media forms in that they are highly processual. They can also have agency delegated to them, which they can then prescribe back onto other actors, but which also remain within the purview of humans to seek to understand. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Introduction (more...)]

== Thinking Software ==

 

;Eric W. Weisstein 
:[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TuringMachine.html What is a Turing Machine?]

;David Barker-Plummer 
:[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/ Turing Machines]

;Achim Jung 
:[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axj/pub/papers/lambda-calculus.pdf A short introduction to the Lambda Calculus]

;Luciana Parisi & Stamatia Portanova 
:[http://computationalculture.net/article/soft-thought Soft Thought (in architecture and choreography)]

;David M. Berry 
:[http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/9780230292642.pdf Understanding Digital Humanities]

;Edsger W. Dijkstra 
:[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~rubinson/copyright_violations/Go_To_Considered_Harmful.html Go To Statement Considered Harmful]

;Alan M. Turing 
:[http://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/cmps140/Winter10/turing1950.pdf Computing machinery and intelligence]

;Martin Gardner : [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/october1970.html The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game 'life']

;Alan M. Turing 
:[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Turing_Paper_1936.pdf On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungs problem]

<youtube>E3keLeMwfHY</youtube> ''Video of a Turing Machine - Overview''

;Kevin Slavin 
:[http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world.html How algorithms shape our world]

<youtube>TDaFwnOiKVE</youtube> ''Video shows how these complex computer programs determine: espionage tactics, stock prices, movie scripts, and architecture.''

== Code Literacy ('iteracy') ==

 

;David M. Berry 
:[http://stunlaw.blogspot.com/2011/09/iteracy-reading-writing-and-running.html Iteracy: Reading, Writing and Running Code]

;Ian Bogost 
:[http://www.bogost.com/downloads/I.%20Bogost%20Procedural%20Literacy.pdf Procedural Literacy: Problem Solving with Programming, Systems, & Play]

;Cathy Davidson 
:[http://dmlcentral.net/blog/cathy-davidson/why-we-need-4th-r-reading-writing-arithmetic-algorithms Why We Need a 4th R: Reading, wRiting, aRithmetic, algoRithms]

;Jeannette M. Wing 
:[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/usr/wing/www/publications/Wing06.pdf Computational Thinking]

;Stephan Ramsay 
:[http://lenz.unl.edu/papers/2011/01/11/on-building.html On Building]

;Edsger W. Dijkstra 
:[http://virtual.itca.edu.sv/dokeos/sinapsis/cd/doctos-sw-libre/docus-ewd/EWD1036%20-%20On%20the%20cruelty%20of%20really%20teaching%20computing%20scienc.pdf On the cruelty of really teaching computing science]

;Louis McCallum and Davy Smith 
:[http://vimeo.com/20241649 Show Us Your Screens]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=20241649}} ''A short documentary about live coding practise by Louis McCallum and Davy Smith.''

;Jeannette M. Wing 
:[http://www.youtube.com/C2Pq4N-iE4I Computational Thinking and Thinking About Computing']

<youtube>C2Pq4N-iE4I</youtube> ''Wing argues that computational thinking will be a fundamental skill used by everyone in the world. To reading, writing, and arithmetic, she adds computational thinking to everyones' analytical ability.''

== Decoding Code ==

 

;David M. Berry 
:[http://thirteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-086-a-contribution-towards-a-grammar-of-code/ A Contribution Towards a Grammar of Code]

;Mark C. Marino 
:[http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/electropoetics/codology Critical Code Studies]

;Lev Manovich 
:[http://lab.softwarestudies.com/2008/11/softbook.html Software Takes Command]

;Dennis G. Jerz 
:[http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/001/2/000009/000009.html Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky]

;Aleksandr Matrosov, Eugene Rodionov, David Harley, and Juraj Malcho, J. 
:[http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white-papers/Stuxnet_Under_the_Microscope.pdf Stuxnet Under the Microscope]

;Ralph Langner 
:[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS01Hmjv1pQ Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon]

<youtube>CS01Hmjv1pQ</youtube> ''A fascinating look inside cyber-forensics and the processes of reading code to understand how it works and what it attacks.''

;Stephen Ramsay 
:[http://vimeo.com/9790850 Algorithms are Thoughts, Chainsaws are Tools]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=9790850}} ''A short film on livecoding presented as part of the Critical Code Studies Working Group, March 2010, by Stephen Ramsay. Presents a "live reading" of a performance by composer Andrew Sorensen.''

;Wendy Chun 
:[http://vimeo.com/16328263 Critical Code Studies]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=16328263}} ''Wendy Chun giving a lecture on code studies and reading source code.''

;Federica Frabetti 
:[http://vimeo.com/16263212 Critical Code Studies]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=16263212}} ''Federica Frabetti giving a lecture on code studies and reading source code.''

== Software Ecologies ==

 

;Gilles Deleuze 
:[http://www.n5m.org/n5m2/media/texts/deleuze.htm Postscript on the Societies of Control]

;Felix Guattari 
:[http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/08_131.pdf The Three Ecologies]

;Robert Kitchin 
:[http://www.envplan.com/epb/editorials/b3806com.pdf The Programmable City]

;Bruno Latour : [http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/123-WHOLE-PART-FINAL.pdf The Whole is Always Smaller Than Its Parts- A Digital Test of Gabriel Tarde’s Monads]

;Mathew Fuller and Sonia Matos 
:[http://nineteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-135-feral-computing-from-ubiquitous-calculation-to-wild-interactions/ Feral Computing: From Ubiquitous Calculation to Wild Interactions]

;Jussi Parikka 
:[http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-116-media-ecologies-and-imaginary-media-transversal-expansions-contractions-and-foldings/ Media Ecologies and Imaginary Media: Transversal Expansions, Contractions, and Foldings]

;David Gelernter 
:[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/gelernter10/gelernter10_index.html Time to start taking the Internet seriously]

;Adrian Mackenzie 
:[http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/mackenza/papers/code-leviathan.pdf The Problem of Computer Code: Leviathan or Common Power?]

;Adrian Mackenzie 
:[http://thirteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-085-wirelessness-as-experience-of-transition/ Wirelessness as Experience of Transition]

;Thomas Goetz 
:[http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/06/ff_feedbackloop/ Harnessing the Power of Feedback Loops]

;Christian Ulrik Andersen & Søren Pold 
:[http://nineteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-133-the-scripted-spaces-of-urban-ubiquitous-computing-the-experience-poetics-and-politics-of-public-scripted-space/ The Scripted Spaces of Urban Ubiquitous Computing: The experience, poetics, and politics of public scripted space]

;B.J. Fogg, Gregory Cuellar, and David Danielson 
:[http://bjfogg.com/hci.pdf Motivating, Influencing, and Persuading Users]

;Gary Wolf 
:[http://www.youtube.com/OrAo8oBBFIo The quantified self]

<youtube>OrAo8oBBFIo</youtube>
''The notion of using computational devices in everyday life to record everything about you.''

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Attributions '''Attributions'''] ==

Life in Code and Software/

2012-04-25T17:36:20Z

Pw: added new cover

[[Image:lifeincode2.jpg|right|318x450px|LivingCodeSoftwareCover.jpg]] Mediated life in a complex computational ecology

 [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/ISBN_Numbers ISBN: 978-1-60785-XXX-X] ''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/bio David Berry]

PLEASE NOTE THIS APPEARS TO BE A DOUBLE WITH A MISPLACED '/' IN THE NAME...

 

__TOC__

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Introduction '''Introduction: What is code and software?'''] ==

This book explores the relationship between living and code and software. It does so because these technologies increasingly make up an important part of our urban environment, and indeed stretching even to very remote areas of the world. The book introduces and explores the way in which code and software become the conditions of possibility for human living, crucially becoming a computational ecology which we inhabit. As such we need to take account of this new computational world and think about how we live today in a highly mediated code-based world. Computer code and software are not merely mechanisms, they represent an extremely rich form of media. They differ from previous instantiations of media forms in that they are highly processual. They can also have agency delegated to them, which they can then prescribe back onto other actors, but which also remain within the purview of humans to seek to understand. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Introduction (more...)]

== Thinking Software ==

 

;Eric W. Weisstein 
:[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TuringMachine.html What is a Turing Machine?]

;David Barker-Plummer 
:[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/ Turing Machines]

;Achim Jung 
:[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axj/pub/papers/lambda-calculus.pdf A short introduction to the Lambda Calculus]

;Luciana Parisi & Stamatia Portanova 
:[http://computationalculture.net/article/soft-thought Soft Thought (in architecture and choreography)]

;David M. Berry 
:[http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/9780230292642.pdf Understanding Digital Humanities]

;Edsger W. Dijkstra 
:[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~rubinson/copyright_violations/Go_To_Considered_Harmful.html Go To Statement Considered Harmful]

;Alan M. Turing 
:[http://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/cmps140/Winter10/turing1950.pdf Computing machinery and intelligence]

;Martin Gardner : [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/october1970.html The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life"]

;Alan M. Turing 
:[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Turing_Paper_1936.pdfOn Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungs problem]

<youtube>E3keLeMwfHY</youtube> ''Video of a Turing Machine - Overview''

;Kevin Slavin 
:[http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world.html How algorithms shape our world]

<youtube>TDaFwnOiKVE</youtube> ''Video shows how these complex computer programs determine: espionage tactics, stock prices, movie scripts, and architecture.''

== Code Literacy ('iteracy') ==

 

;David M. Berry 
:[http://stunlaw.blogspot.com/2011/09/iteracy-reading-writing-and-running.html Iteracy: Reading, Writing and Running Code]

;Ian Bogost 
:[http://www.bogost.com/downloads/I.%20Bogost%20Procedural%20Literacy.pdf Procedural Literacy: Problem Solving with Programming, Systems, & Play]

;Cathy Davidson 
:[http://dmlcentral.net/blog/cathy-davidson/why-we-need-4th-r-reading-writing-arithmetic-algorithms Why We Need a 4th R: Reading, wRiting, aRithmetic, algoRithms]

;Jeannette M. Wing 
:[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/usr/wing/www/publications/Wing06.pdf Computational Thinking]

;Stephan Ramsay 
:[http://lenz.unl.edu/papers/2011/01/11/on-building.html On Building]

;Edsger W. Dijkstra 
:[http://virtual.itca.edu.sv/dokeos/sinapsis/cd/doctos-sw-libre/docus-ewd/EWD1036%20-%20On%20the%20cruelty%20of%20really%20teaching%20computing%20scienc.pdf On the cruelty of really teaching computing science]

;Louis McCallum and Davy Smith 
:[http://vimeo.com/20241649 Show Us Your Screens]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=20241649}} ''A short documentary about live coding practise by Louis McCallum and Davy Smith.''

;Jeannette M. Wing 
:[http://www.youtube.com/C2Pq4N-iE4I Computational Thinking and Thinking About Computing']

<youtube>C2Pq4N-iE4I</youtube> ''Wing argues that computational thinking will be a fundamental skill used by everyone in the world. To reading, writing, and arithmetic, she adds computational thinking to everyones' analytical ability.''

== Decoding Code ==

 

;David M. Berry 
:[http://thirteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-086-a-contribution-towards-a-grammar-of-code/ A Contribution Towards a Grammar of Code]

;Mark C. Marino 
:[http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/electropoetics/codology Critical Code Studies]

;Lev Manovich 
:[http://lab.softwarestudies.com/2008/11/softbook.html Software Takes Command]

;Dennis G. Jerz 
:[http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/001/2/000009/000009.html Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky]

;Aleksandr Matrosov, Eugene Rodionov, David Harley, and Juraj Malcho, J. 
:[http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white-papers/Stuxnet_Under_the_Microscope.pdf Stuxnet Under the Microscope]

;Ralph Langner 
:[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS01Hmjv1pQ Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon]

<youtube>CS01Hmjv1pQ</youtube> ''A fascinating look inside cyber-forensics and the processes of reading code to understand how it works and what it attacks.''

;Stephen Ramsay 
:[http://vimeo.com/9790850 Algorithms are Thoughts, Chainsaws are Tools]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=9790850}} ''A short film on livecoding presented as part of the Critical Code Studies Working Group, March 2010, by Stephen Ramsay. Presents a "live reading" of a performance by composer Andrew Sorensen.''

;Wendy Chun 
:[http://vimeo.com/16328263 Critical Code Studies]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=16328263}} ''Wendy Chun giving a lecture on code studies and reading source code.''

;Federica Frabetti 
:[http://vimeo.com/16263212 Critical Code Studies]

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=16263212}} ''Federica Frabetti giving a lecture on code studies and reading source code.''

== Software Ecologies ==

 

;Gilles Deleuze 
:[http://www.n5m.org/n5m2/media/texts/deleuze.htm Postscript on the Societies of Control]

;Felix Guattari 
:[http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/08_131.pdf The Three Ecologies]

;Robert Kitchin 
:[http://www.envplan.com/epb/editorials/b3806com.pdf The Programmable City]

;Bruno Latour : [http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/123-WHOLE-PART-FINAL.pdf The Whole is Always Smaller Than Its Parts- A Digital Test of Gabriel Tarde’s Monads]

;Mathew Fuller and Sonia Matos 
:[http://nineteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-135-feral-computing-from-ubiquitous-calculation-to-wild-interactions/ Feral Computing: From Ubiquitous Calculation to Wild Interactions]

;Jussi Parikka 
:[http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-116-media-ecologies-and-imaginary-media-transversal-expansions-contractions-and-foldings/ Media Ecologies and Imaginary Media: Transversal Expansions, Contractions, and Foldings]

;David Gelernter 
:[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/gelernter10/gelernter10_index.html Time to start taking the Internet seriously]

;Adrian Mackenzie 
:[http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/mackenza/papers/code-leviathan.pdf The Problem of Computer Code: Leviathan or Common Power?]

;Adrian Mackenzie 
:[http://thirteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-085-wirelessness-as-experience-of-transition/ Wirelessness as Experience of Transition]

;Thomas Goetz 
:[http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/06/ff_feedbackloop/ Harnessing the Power of Feedback Loops]

;Christian Ulrik Andersen & Søren Pold 
:[http://nineteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-133-the-scripted-spaces-of-urban-ubiquitous-computing-the-experience-poetics-and-politics-of-public-scripted-space/ The Scripted Spaces of Urban Ubiquitous Computing: The experience, poetics, and politics of public scripted space]

;B.J. Fogg, Gregory Cuellar, and David Danielson 
:[http://bjfogg.com/hci.pdf Motivating, Influencing, and Persuading Users]

;Gary Wolf 
:[http://www.youtube.com/OrAo8oBBFIo The quantified self]

<youtube>OrAo8oBBFIo</youtube>
''The notion of using computational devices in everyday life to record everything about you.''

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Life_in_Code_and_Software/Attributions '''Attributions'''] ==

File:Lifeincode2.jpg

2012-04-25T17:33:11Z

Pw: Book cover for the Life in Code and Software Living Book About Life. Image: "The sublime brain of Jonathon" created by Michael Najjar http://www.michaelnajjar.com/

== Summary ==
Book cover for the Life in Code and Software Living Book About Life.

Image: "The sublime brain of Jonathon" created by Michael Najjar http://www.michaelnajjar.com/
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

ISBNs

2012-01-19T11:47:04Z

Pw: moved ISBNs to ISBN Numbers: Added title

#REDIRECT [[ISBN Numbers]]

ISBN Numbers

2012-01-19T11:47:04Z

Pw: moved ISBNs to ISBN Numbers: Added title

'''978-1-60785-253-7''' Another Technoscience is Possible: Agricultural Lessons for the Posthumanities

'''978-1-60785-254-4''' The Life of Air: Dwelling, Communicating, Manipulating

'''978-1-60785-255-1''' Astrobiology and the Search for Life on Mars

'''978-1-60785-256-8''' Bioethics™: Life, Politics, Economics

'''978-1-60785-257-5''' Biosemiotics

'''978-1-60785-258-2''' Cognition and Decision

'''978-1-60785-259-9''' The Mediations of Consciousness

'''978-1-60785-260-5''' Cosmetic Surgery: Medicine, Culture, Beauty

'''978-1-60785-261-2''' Medianatures: The Materiality of Information Technology and Electronic Waste

'''978-1-60785-262-9''' Energy Connections: Living Forces in Creative Inter/Intra-Action

'''978-1-60785-263-6''' Creative Evolution: Natural Selection and the Urge to Remix

'''978-1-60785-264-3''' Human Genomics: From Hypothetical Genes to Biodigital Materialisations

'''978-1-60785-265-0''' The In/Visible

'''978-1-60785-266-7''' Nerves of Perception: Motor and Sensory Experience in Neuroscience

'''978-1-60785-267-4''' Digitize Me, Visualize Me, Search Me: Open Science and its Discontents

'''978-1-60785-268-1''' Neurofutures

'''978-1-60785-269-8''' Partial Life

'''978-1-60785-270-4''' Pharmacology

'''978-1-60785-271-1''' Symbiosis

'''978-1-60785-272-8''' Ubiquitous Surveillance

'''978-1-60785-273-5''' Veterinary Science: Animals, Humans and Health

ISBN Numbers

2012-01-19T11:46:14Z

Pw: bolded ISBNs

ISBN Numbers

2012-01-19T11:43:37Z

Pw: created page

978-1-60785-253-7 Another Technoscience is Possible: Agricultural Lessons for the Posthumanities

978-1-60785-254-4 The Life of Air: Dwelling, Communicating, Manipulating

978-1-60785-255-1 Astrobiology and the Search for Life on Mars

978-1-60785-256-8 Bioethics™: Life, Politics, Economics

978-1-60785-257-5 Biosemiotics

978-1-60785-258-2 Cognition and Decision

978-1-60785-259-9 The Mediations of Consciousness

978-1-60785-260-5 Cosmetic Surgery: Medicine, Culture, Beauty

978-1-60785-261-2 Medianatures: The Materiality of Information Technology and Electronic Waste

978-1-60785-262-9 Energy Connections: Living Forces in Creative Inter/Intra-Action

978-1-60785-263-6 Creative Evolution: Natural Selection and the Urge to Remix

978-1-60785-264-3 Human Genomics: From Hypothetical Genes to Biodigital Materialisations

978-1-60785-265-0 The In/Visible

978-1-60785-266-7 Nerves of Perception: Motor and Sensory Experience in Neuroscience

978-1-60785-267-4 Digitize Me, Visualize Me, Search Me: Open Science and its Discontents

978-1-60785-268-1 Neurofutures

978-1-60785-269-8 Partial Life

978-1-60785-270-4 Pharmacology

978-1-60785-271-1 Symbiosis

978-1-60785-272-8 Ubiquitous Surveillance

978-1-60785-273-5 Veterinary Science: Animals, Humans and Health

Veterinary science

2012-01-19T11:37:32Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:VeterinaryScienceCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|VeterinaryScienceCover1.jpg]]
Animals, Humans and Health

ISBN: 978-1-60785-273-5

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/bio Erica Fudge and Clare Palmer]
__TOC__

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Introduction '''Introduction''']==
The shared physicality of humans and animals -- as suggested by this early modern advice book on animal health -- was widely accepted in the seventeenth century. As historian Louise Hill Curth has noted, in this period ‘Almost all of the procedures that were used for humans were also applied to animals’ (Curth, 2010: 114). Since then, however, human and animal medicine appears to have taken a more dualistic form, with human medical care on one side and animal veterinary care on the other. The establishment of veterinary science as a separate profession, which took place during the nineteenth century, signalled that a very different model of care was -- and should be -- available for humans than for animals. A vet was never a human doctor, and vice versa. But this separation has rarely been more than skin-deep. Taking a close look at contemporary veterinary science, as we do in this living book, shows how difficult it is to maintain this separation. Everywhere humans and animals are entangled: we choose to share our homes with animals; we eat them; they both sicken and cure us. Equally, many animals rely on us for food and health; they invade ‘our’ spaces; they eat our (fleshy and other) waste; they suffer because of our illnesses. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Introduction (more...)]

== The Context ==
; Abigail Woods and Stephen Matthews : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793141/ “Little, if at all, Removed from the Illiterate Farrier or Cow-leech”: The English Veterinary Surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the Campaign for Veterinary Reform]
; Clare Palmer : [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/PalmerAngloAmericanPhilosophy.pdf Animals in Anglo-American Philosophy]
; Stefan Gunnarsson : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-48-20.pdf The Conceptualisation of Health and Disease in Veterinary Medicine]
; Temple Grandin and Mark Deesing : [http://www.grandin.com/welfare/fear.pain.stress.html Distress in Animals: Is it Fear, Pain, or Physical Stress ]
; John Law : [http://www.heterogeneities.net/publications/Law2008CareAndKilling.pdf Care and Killing: Tensions in Veterinary Practice] image reproduced with permission of Chris Chapman

== The Practice ==
=== a) Agricultural Control ===
; Miguel A. Velazquez : [http://arbs.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/arbs/article/view/96 Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Cattle: Applications in Livestock Production, Biomedical Research and Conservation Policy]
; Stig Einarsson, Ylva Brandt, Nils Lundeheim, and Andrzej Madej : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-50-48.pdf Stress and its Influence on Reproduction in Pigs: A Review]
; Bernard E. Rollin : [http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/1/1/102/pdf Animal Rights as a Mainstream Phenonemon]

=== b) Domesticity and Order ===
; Dipika Kadaba : [http://www.vetscan.co.in/v6n1/82-Rehabilitation-Paraplegic-Kitten-Acute-Depression.htm Rehabilitation of a Paraplegic Kitten with Acute Depression]
; Douglas Thamm and Steven Dow : [http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2009/45_1/111.pdf How Companion Animals Contribute to the Fight Against Cancer in Humans]
; Laura Ducceschi, Nicole Green and Crystal Miller Spiegel : [http://www.altex.ch/resources/ALTEX_4_10_Ducceschi_Green_MillerSpiegel.pdf Dying to Learn: The Supply and Use of Companion Animals in US Colleges and Universities]
; J. K. Kirkwood : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290680/pdf/jrsocmed00178-0035.pdf Animals at Home – Pets as Pests: A Review]

=== c) In Place / Out of Place ===
; Valentina Merola : [http://www.aspcapro.org/search.php?cx=006662374600932631778%3An63yw0tcxlg&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=merola+anticoagulants&sa=Search&siteurl=www.aspcapro.org%2F#442 Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Deadly for Pests, Dangerous for Pets]
; Erica Fudge : [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/PestFriends.pdf Pest Friends]
; Lawrence Mugisha, Claudia Kücherer, Heinz Ellerbrok, Sandra Junglen, John Opuda-Asibo, Olobo O. Joseph, Georg Pauli and Fabian H. Leendertz : [http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tovsj/articles/V004/6TOVSJ.pdf Retroviruses in Wild-Born Semi-Captive East African Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)]
; K.B. Seidel and J.E. Rowell : [http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/rangifer/article/viewFile/1200/1140 Canadian Muskoxen in Central Europe – a Zoo Veterinary Review’]
; Fabrice Capber : [http://iucnosg.org/Bulletin/Volume24/Capber_2007.html Veterinary Care of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) at the Otter Breeding Centre of Hunawihr (France)]
; Hope R. Ferdowsian, Debra L. Durham, Charles Kimwele, Godelieve Kranendonk,, Emily Otali, Timothy Akugizibwe, J. B. Mulcahy, Lilly Ajarova, Cassie Meré Johnson : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019855 Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees]

=== d) Entanglements ===
; Jesús Á Lemus, Guillermo Blanco, Javier Grande, Bernardo Arroyo, Marino Garcia-Montijano, Felix Martinez : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001444;jsessionid=34C1B2E46B5E6CC07653C334C0EE6EAF.ambra02 Antibiotics Threaten Wildlife: Circulating Quinolone Residues and Disease in Avian Scavengers]
; Belén Vázques, Fernando Esperón, Elena Neves, Juan López, Carlos Ballesteros and Jesús Muñoz : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-52-45.pdf Screening for Several Potential Pathogens in Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) in Madrid]
; Chris Wilbert : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/Profit_Plague_Poultry_%20Wilbert.pdf Profit, Plague and Poultry: The Intra-Active Worlds of Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu]
; Thom van Dooren : [http://epress.anu.edu.au/ahr/050/pdf/ch03.pdf Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions]

== The Future ==
; Axel Konerup Hansen, Kristen Dahl and Dorte Bratbo Sørensen : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-45-S1-S45.pdf Rearing and Caring for a Future Xenograph Donor Pig]
; Alix Fano, Murry J. Cohen, Marjorie Cramer, Ray Greek, Stephen R. Kaufman : [http://www.mrmcmed.org/pigs.html Of Pigs, Primates, and Plagues: A Layperson’s Guide to the Problems with Animal-to-Human Organ Transplants]
; R. E. Weller : [http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2006/42_4/351.htm Risk of Disease Spread Through Bioterrorism]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/VeterinaryScience.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Ubiquitous Surveillance

2012-01-19T11:36:33Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:SurveillanceCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|SurveillanceCover1.jpg]]

ISBN: 978-1-60785-272-8

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Ubiquitous_Surveillance/bio David Parry]
__TOC__

=== [http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/surveillance/ Alternative (Geo-location) Table of Contents] ===

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Introduction Introduction: Ubiquitous Mobile Persistent Surveillance] ==

In 1996 when John Perry Bartlow wrote ''A Cyberspace Independence Declaration'', internet pioneers hoped that the online world Bartlow was describing would come to pass. While Bartlow’s rhetoric was admittedly 'grandiose,' his central claim, that the internet was a place of freedom separate from the limits of the physical world, reflected the utopic atmosphere of the time. The technological revolution, in particular the rise of the digital network, seemed to point to a future 'where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity' (Bartlow, 1996). While not everyone in the late 90s could be characterized as a cyberutopian, the dominant mood harbored a sense that the digital network would bring with it newfound, unregulatable freedoms. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Introduction (more...)]

== Knowing Everything: Data Mining ==

;Daniel Gayo-Avello 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.5913v1 All Liaisons are Dangerous When All Your Friends Are Known to Us]
;Sang Hoon Lee 
:[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011233 Googling Social Interactions: Web Search Engine Based Social Network Construction]
;Mahnoosh Khloghi and Mohammadreza Keyvanpour 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.1950v1 An Analytical Framework for Data Stream Mining Techniques Based on Challenges and Requirements]
;Tamer Abuhmed ''et al''. 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/0803.0037v1 A Survey on Deep Packet Inspection for Intrusion Detection System]

== Somebody is Watching You: Video Surveillance ==

;Yassine Benabbas, Nacim Ihaddadene, and Chaabane Djeraba 
:[http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ivp/2011/163682.pdf Motion Pattern Extraction and Even Detection for Automatic Visual Surveillance]
;Alexander Artikis and Georgios Paliouras 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/0905.4614v1 A Logic Programming Approach to Behaviour Recognition]
;T.P. Pushpavath et al.  : [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1002.3011v1 GPRS Video Streaming Surveillance System GVS]
;Renzo De Nardi et al. 
:[http://cogprints.org/5569/1/bristoluav21.pdf SwarMAV: A Swarm of Miniature Aerial Vehicles]

== Monitoring Bodies: Surveilling Health ==

;Daniel Chandramohan ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050057 Should Data from Demographic Surveillance Systems Be Made More Widely Available to Researchers]
;Alireza Taravat Najafabad ''et al''. 
:[http://cogprints.org/6972/1/2009-4-4.pdf Web GIS and Public Health]
;Stuart Rennie ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000004 Conducting Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveillance in Developing Countries: Ethical, Epidemiological, and Public Health Concerns]
;Emily Chan ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206 Using Web Search Query Data to Monitor Dengue Epidemics: A New Model for Neglected Tropical Disease Surveillance]

== Judging Privacy: Legal Issues ==

;Samuel D. Warren, Louis D. Brandeis 
:[http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy_brand_warr2.html The Right to Privacy]
;Daniel J. Solove 
:[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=990030 Data Mining and the Security-Liberty Debate]
;Omer Tene 
:[http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/ulr/article/viewArticle/136 What Google Knows: Privacy and Internet Search Engines]
;Paul Ohm 
:[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1261344 The Rise and Fall of Invasive ISP Surveillance]

== Appendix: How It Works ==

;Emily Steel 
:[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304410504575560243259416072.html A Web Pioneer Profiles Users by Name]
;The Wall Street Journal 
:[http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_RAPLEAF_20101018.html Cracking the Code]
;Ted Morgan – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIJyWi9YsYU Location Makes Mobile Mobile] 
:<youtube>bIJyWi9YsYU</youtube>
;David Bond 
:[http://erasingdavid.com/ Erasing David]
;Ondi Timoner 
:[http://www.hulu.com/watch/192218/we-live-in-public We Live in Public]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/UbiquitousSurveillance.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Symbiosis

2012-01-19T11:35:52Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:Symbiosis1.jpg|right|318x450px|Symbiosis1.jpg]]
Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution

ISBN: 978-1-60785-271-1

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/bio Janneke Adema and Pete Woodbridge]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Introduction Introduction: Symbiosis as a Living Evolving Critique] ==

<youtube>FPGH7pk5RlQ</youtube>

Different species, interacting in a symbiotic fashion, living together over a prolonged period of time, eventually co-evolving into new species: this vision of the biological phenomenon of symbiosis has created a strong impression—both of symbiosis as a metaphor and a material reality—of species in an intimate relationship together, cooperating in spite of differences, of becoming something else and transgressing boundaries. This idea has turned the concept of symbiosis, in its many guises and definitions, into a breading ground for a posthuman, biologically and ecologically informed critique. Less focused on the biological process of symbiosis as such, our focus in Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution is more on how symbiosis can be used as a means to argue for an alternative worldview and even a better world.... ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Introduction more])

== Symbiosis and Evolution ==
{{#widget:Vimeo|id=7461457}}

; Watson, R. A. and Pollack, J. B. : [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12009/ How Symbiosis Can Guide Evolution]
; Fabio Lucian and Samuel Alizon : [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000565 The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Rapidly Mutating Virus within and between Hosts: The Case of Hepatitis C Virus ]
; Wired Science : [http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/green-sea-slug/ Green Sea Slug Is Part Animal, Part Plant]

=== Endosymbiosis ===

[[Image:Endosymbiosis.PNG|249x270px|Endosymbiosis.PNG]]

; Jian Xu, Michael A. Mahowald, Ruth E. Ley et.al. : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050156 Evolution of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Distal Human Intestine]

; Jennifer J. Wernegreen : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068 Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution]

=== Symbiogenetics ===
; Lynn Margulis : [http://books.google.com/books?id=3sKzeiHUIUQC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Lynn%20Margulis%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false Symbiogenesis and Symbionticism]
; Ivan Emmanuel Wallin : [http://www.archive.org/download/symbionticismori00wall/symbionticismori00wall.pdf Symbionticism and the origin of species (1927)]

== Symbiosis and Ecology ==
=== Community Ecology ===
; Jos C. Mieog, Jeanine L. Olsen, Ray Berkelmans et.al. : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006364 The Roles and Interactions of Symbiont, Host and Environment in Defining Coral Fitness]

<youtube>hbveXyfIllY</youtube> <youtube>LBR4pEC7kwU</youtube>

=== Biodiversity and complexity ===
; Christina Toft, Tom A. Williams, and Mario A. Fares : [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000344 Genome-Wide Functional Divergence after the Symbiosis of Proteobacteria with Insects Unraveled through a Novel Computational Approach]

=== Interdependence ===
; Timothy Morton – Thinking Ecology<nowiki>:</nowiki> The Mesh Part 1: <youtube>R-mWCPa9y3c</youtube>
; Timothy Morton – : [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viiA5s8DV7I Thinking Ecology: The Mesh Part 2]
; Timothy Morton – : [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNl6fOd26Q0 Thinking Ecology: The Mesh Part 3]

=== Life Systems and Gaia Hypothesis ===
; Fritjof Capra : [http://www.mountainman.com.au/f_capra.html The Turning Point: Chapter on the Systems View of Life]
; Stephen B. Scharper : [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-h4UqAHe4MMC&lpg=PA53&ots=vVwmgq055Q&dq=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&lr&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&f=false The Gaia Hypothesis. The world as a living organism]
; Timothy Morton : [http://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/literature-environment-fall/id399641376 Lynn Margulis, Symbiosis, Ethics] Track 30 of Literature and the Environment
; Lynn Margulis, Stephen Buhner and John Seed : Activism, Deep Ecology & the Gaian Era
<youtube>Zc99ikb3KXY</youtube>

=== Media Ecologies ===
; Matthew Fuller : [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026256226Xintro1.pdf Media Ecologies ]

== Symbiosis and Posthumanism ==
=== Human/Machine Symbiosis ===
; J.C.R. Licklider : [http://memex.org/licklider.pdf Man-Computer symbiosis]
; Gerwin Schalk : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722922/ Brain-Computer Symbiosis]

<youtube>oLalkcMDCwg</youtube>

=== Symbiotic Intelligence===
; David E. Moriarty and Risto Miikkulainen : [http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/?moriarty:ec97 Forming Neural Networks Through Efficient and Adaptive Coevolution]
; Norman L. Johnson and S. Rasmussen: [http://collectivescience.com/deeper_overview.html Symbiotic Intelligence and the Internet: A Deeper Overview]

===Human-animal hybrids, chimeras and symbiosis ===
; Anant Bhan, Peter A Singer, and Abdallah S Daar : [http://biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-698X-10-8.PDF Human-animal chimeras for vaccine development: an endangered species or opportunity for the developing world?]

=== Machinic assemblages: Bugs, machines and viruses ===
; Susan Schuppli : [http://www.cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/download/103-222-1-PB.PDF Of Mice Moths and Men Machines]
; Jussi Parikka : [http://four.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-019-digital-monsters-binary-aliens-%E2%80%93-computer-viruses-capitalism-and-the-flow-of-information/ Digital Monsters, Binary Aliens – Computer Viruses, Capitalism and the Flow of Information]

<youtube>XwpHhkXnWeA</youtube>

== Symbiosis and Augmentation ==

<youtube>VCYrW-G9Y6I</youtube>
; Justin C. Sanchez, Babak Mahmoudi, Jack DiGiovanna, Jose C. Principe : [http://www.bme.miami.edu/nrg/publications/journal/journal%2019.pdf Exploiting co-adaptation for the design of symbiotic neuroprosthetic assistants]
; Mitchell Whitelaw : [http://pylon.tv/andy_gracie_symbiotic_circuits.htm Andy Gracie: Symbiotic Circuits]
; Melinda Rackham : [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/291/276 Carrier becoming symborg]
; Melinda Rackham and Damien Everett : [http://collection.eliterature.org/1/works/rackham_everett__carrier_becoming_symborg.html Carrier (becoming symborg)]
; Christian Bök : [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol5-2/editorial.asp The Xenotext Experiment]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Symbiosis.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Pharmacology

2012-01-19T11:35:07Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:PharmacologyCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|PharmacologyCover1.jpg]]

ISBN: 978-1-60785-270-4

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Pharmacology/bio David Boothroyd]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Pharmacology/Introduction Introduction: Drugs Are Us] ==
The popular trope which depicts the origin of life on earth as emerging from a ‘chemical soup’ continues to have an enduring hold over the imagination. Of course, whether this ‘soup’ was a prebiotic puddle on the surface of this third rock from the Sun, originally ‘canned’, superheated and pressurised in one of its internal faults, or a kind of extraterrestrial material reheated in some way after having reached the early Earth from elsewhere in universe, may not be known for sure. Nevertheless, advances in sciences such as paleogenomics and paleohistology have shown us that at least a part of the story of the origin of life can be traced in each and every cell of our living bodies. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Pharmacology/Introduction (more...)]

== Pure Pharmacology ==
; James Black : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01019.x/pdf Reflections on drug research]
; H.P. Rang : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457/pdf The receptor concept: pharmacology’s big idea]
; Patrick Vallance, Trevor G Smart : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454/pdf The future of pharmacology]
; Joni L. Rutter : [http://www.aapsj.org/articles/aapsj0801/aapsj080121/aapsj080121.pdf Symbiotic Relationship of Pharmacogenetics and Drugs of Abuse]
; Kathy Giacommini – How Drugs May Be Tailored to Your Genetic Makeup : <youtube>8ntvYTZAKmI</youtube>

== Socio-pharmacology ==
; Geoffrey Hunt, Molly Moloney, and Kristin Evans : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783660/?tool=pmcentrez Epidemiology Meets Cultural Studies: Studying and Understanding Youth Cultures, Clubs and Drugs]
; Steve Sussman, Mary A Pentz, Donna Spruijt-Metz and Toby Miller : [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/15 Misuse of "study drugs:" prevalence, consequences, and implications for policy]
; Carol J Boyd and Sean E McCabe ; [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/3/1/22 Coming to terms with the nonmedical use of prescription medications]
; Damon Barrett (ed.) : [http://www.childrenofthedrugwar.org/ Children of the Drug War]
; Stanton Peele – A Better Approach to Drugs and Alcohol : <youtube>9-wSS79rZPs</youtube>

== Psycho-pharmacology ==
; David Healy : [http://www.pharmapolitics.com/feb2healy.html Psychopharmacology and the Goverment of the Self]
; Joanna Moncrieff and David Cohen : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030240 Do Antidepressants Cure or Create Abnormal Brain States?]

== Neuro-pharmacology ==
; Sunniva Nyberg Karlsen, Olav Spigset, LARS Slørdal : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00159.x/full The Dark Side of Ecstasy: Neuropsychiatric  Symptoms After Exposure to 3,4-Methylenedioxymetamphetamine]
; John H. Halpern, Andrea R. Sherwood, James I. Hudson, Staci Gruber, David Kozin, Harrison G. Pope Jr : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x/full Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs]
; John PA Ioannidis : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-3-14.pdf Effectiveness of antidepressants: an evidence myth constructed from a thousand randomized trials?]
; John M Davis, William J Giakas, Jie Qu, Pavan Prasad and Stefan Leucht : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-6-8.pdf Should We Treat Depression with drugs or psychological interventions? A Reply to Ioannidis]
; Barry Everitt : [http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/712 The Neural Basis of Drug Addiction]
; Martin Wiener, Matthew S. Matell and H B. Coslett : [http://www.frontiersin.org/integrative_neuroscience/10.3389/fnint.2011.00031/full Optimized Networks for Time Perception]

== Ethno-pharmacology ==
; The Spirit Molecule (Dir. Mitch Schultz, 2010. 10 parts) : <youtube>BXNeb60ODG0</youtube>

; Michael Heinrich : [http://www.frontiersin.org/ethnopharmacology/10.3389/fphar.2010.00008/full Ethnopharmacology in the 21st century – grand challenges]
; Rainer W Bussmann and Douglas Sharon : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670266/?tool=pubmed Naming a Phantom - the Quest to Find the Identity of the Ulluchu, an Unidentified Cerimonial Plant of the Moche Culture in Northern Peru]
; Stephan A Padosch, Dirk W Lachenmeier and Lars U Kröner : [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/14 Absinthism: A Fictitious 19th. Centrury Syndrome with Present Impact]
; Ronald K. Bullis : [http://www.journalofpsychoactivedrugs.com/Articles/Bullis%20402.pdf The “Vine of the Soul” vs. The Controlled Substances Act: Implications of the Hoasca Case]

== Anthropo-pharmacology ==
; Tammy Saah : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1174878/ The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction]
; Richard Sullivan, Isabel Behncke and Arnie Purushotham : [http://kcl.academia.edu/RichardSullivan/Papers/258342/Why_do_we_love_medicines_so_much Why Do We Love Medicines So Much?]
; Ibogaine - Rite of Passage (Lun Arts Productions Documentary) : <youtube>dtJ_smUrDaA</youtube>

== Eco-pharmacology ==
; Syed Ziaur Rahman, Rahat Ali Khan, Varun Gupta and Misbah Uddin : [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-20.pdf Pharmacoenvironmentology – a component of pharmacovigilance]

== Juridico-pharmacology ==
; Thomas Szasz – Our Right to Drugs<nowiki>:</nowiki> An Interview with Thomas Szasz : <youtube>bwBLdGAbDPk</youtube>

; Lynn Zimmer : [http://www.bisdro.uni-bremen.de/boellinger/cannabis/03-zimme.pdf The History of Cannabis Prohibition]
; A Report by TRANSFORM Drug Policy Foundation : [http://www.tdpf.org.uk/Transform_After_the_War_on_Drugs.pdf After the War on Drugs: Options for Control]
; Jonathan Birdwell, Jake Chapman, Nicola Singleton : [http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Taking_Drugs_Seriously_-_web.pdf?1305207826 Taking Drugs Seriously: A DEMOS and UK Drug Policy Commission Report on Legal Highs]

; [http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/Report Global Commission on Drugs Report (2011)]

; Mike Trace : [http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/Arquivos/Global_Com_Mike_Trace.pdf Drug Policy – Lessons Learnt, and Options for the Future]

; [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_137215_EN_PolicyProfile_Portugal_WEB_Final.pdf European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction - Portugal's Drugs Policy]

; Kathy Gyngell : [http://www.globaldrugpolicy.org/5/1/1.php The UK’s Treatment War on Drugs: A Lesson in Unintended Consequences and Perverse Outcomes]

== Counter-cultural psycho-pharmacology ==
; Timothy Leary <nowiki>:</nowiki> Cooper Union Address, 1964 : <youtube>msPLOy2q_54</youtube>
; David Pearce : [http://www.mdma.net/index.html Utopian Pharmacology]

== Aesthetics and anaesthetics ==
; Mike Jay : [http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/3/297.full.pdf+html?sid=eadf5d54-dc6b-4c9d-8719-f9b8aa5ef467 The Atmosphere of Heaven: the 1799 Nitrous Oxide Researches Reconsidered]
; John Mann : [http://www.rsc.org/images/Historical%20Profile%20-%20No%20Laughing%20Matter_tcm18-202509.pdf No Laughing Matter]

== Narco-cultural theory ==
; Dave Boothroyd : [http://kent.academia.edu/DaveBoothroyd/Papers/750975/Culture_On_Drugs_Narco-cultural_studies_of_high_modernity_Sample_chapter_ Deposition: Drugs in Theory]
; Peta Malins : [http://www.janushead.org/7-1/malins.pdf Machinic Assemblages: Deleuze, Guattari and an Ethico-Aesthetics of Drug Use]

== Placebo ==
; Franklin G. Miller, David Wendler, Leora C. Swartzman : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020262 Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect]
; Rinah T Yamamoto, Katherine H Karlsgodt, David Rott, Scott E Lukas and Igor Elman : [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/2/1/30 Effects of perceived cocaine availability on subjective and objective responses to the drug]
; Understanding the Placebo Effect: Roundtable discussion with Robert Ader, Rob DeRubeis, John Kelley, Richard Kradin, and Rosamond Rhodes : <youtube>OSx2z4JCWgA</youtube>

== Gonzo-pharmacology ==
; Joe Rogan talks about DMT : <youtube>grcqs9cDuN8</youtube>

== Heroes of Drugs Research ==
; [http://www.erowid.org/archive/hyperreal/drugs/pihkal/#COPYRIGHT PHIKAL (Part 2)]
; Alexander Shulgin : <youtube>yw-I-5RQUiI</youtube>
; Alexander Flemming : <youtube>7qeZLLhx5kU</youtube>

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Pharmacology/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Pharmacology.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Partial Life

2012-01-19T11:34:18Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:PartiallifeCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|PartiallifeCover1.jpg]]

ISBN: 978-1-60785-269-8

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_Life/bio Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr]
__TOC__

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction Introduction] ==

This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- ''Neolifism''. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction (more...)]

== The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living ==

=== Precursors of the Semi-Living ===

;[http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896]

;[http://www.archive.org/details/poultrygrowersgu00cyph Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.]

;Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner 
:[http://www.neonatology.org/classics/nic.nih1985.pdf The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective]

=== The History of Tissue Culture ===

;Alexis Carrel 
:[http://jem.rupress.org/content/15/5/516.full.pdf On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism]
;Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125263/pdf/387.pdf Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique]
;Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2124775/pdf/244.pdf An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro]
;Alexis Carrel 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125069/pdf/287.pdf Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue]
;J. A. Witkowski 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082475/pdf/medhist00098-0025.pdf Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture]
;Alexis Carrel 
:[http://quantumfieldtheory.org/ALEXIS%20CARREL%20Man%20the%20Unknown%201935.pdf ''Man, the Unknown'']
;Julian Huxley 
:[http://www.revolutionsf.com/fiction/tissue/index.html The Tissue Culture King]

=== The Plasticity of Cell Lines ===

;[http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&Template=cellBiology About the ATCC-LGC Standards Partnership, which facilitates the distribution of ATCC cultures and bioproducts to life science researchers throughout Europe and India]
;Stephen J. O'Brien 
:[http://www.pnas.org/content/98/14/7656.full.pdf Cell Culture Forensics]
;Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins 
:[http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/full/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463 Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination]

== The Technoscientific Body ==

;Mark J. Powers ''et al''. 
:[http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf A Microfabricated Array Bioreactor for Perfused 3D Liver Culture]
;Jianzhong Xi, Jacob J. Schmidt and Carlo D. Montemagno 
:[http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v4/n2/full/nmat1308.html Self-Assembled Microdevices Driven by Muscle]
;Thomas Boland ''et al''. 
:[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.10059/pdf Cell and Organ Printing 2: Fusion of Cell Aggregates in Three-Dimensional Gels]
;I. Datar and M. Betti 
:[http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/datar_and_betti.pdf Possibilities for an In Vitro Meat Production System]
;P. D. Edelman ''et al''. 
:[http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/Invitro.pdf In Vitro Cultured Meat Production]

=== Cell Fusion ===

;[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion Cell Fusion]

== Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells ==

;Jeremy P. Brockes and Anoop Kumar 
:[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine]
;Farhan Chowdhury ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015655 Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions]
;Hannah Landecker 
:[http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewArticle/26/33%3E Living Differently in Time: Plasticity, Temporality, and Cellular Biotechnologies]

== Semi-Living Art ==

;Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr 
:[http://www.uoc.edu/artnodes/6/dt/eng/catts_zurr.pdf Towards a New Class of Being –The Extended Body]
;Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr 
:[http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/30/37 Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy]
;Oron Catts, ed. 
:[http://www.tca.uwa.edu.au/publication/THE_AESTHETICS_OF_CARE.pdf The Aesthetics of Care]

== Neolife ==

;[http://www.tcaproject.org The Tissue Culture and Art Project]

;[http://www.frozenark.org/ The Frozen Ark Project]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Partiallife.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Neurofutures

2012-01-19T11:33:38Z

Pw:

[[Image:Neurofutures4.jpg|right|318x450px|Neurofutures4.jpg]]

Brain-Machine Interfaces and Collective Minds

ISBN: 978-1-60785-268-1

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neurofutures/bio Tim Lenoir]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neurofutures/Introduction Introduction] ==

The first practical steps of augmenting human capability through a close coupling of man and machine have their origins in Ivan Sutherland’s work at MIT and the University of Utah and in work by the generation of students Sutherland and his colleague, David Evans, trained at the University of Utah. Having launched the field of interactive computer-aided design in his dissertation project, Sketchpad, between 1965-1968 Sutherland pursued an ambitious project to create what he called “[http://Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.136.3720&rep=rep1&type=pdf the ultimate display],” an augmented reality system in which computer generated images of all sorts could be overlaid on scenes viewed through a head-mounted camera display system. Among the visionary suggestions Sutherland made in this early work was that interaction with the computer need not be based on keyboard or joystick linkages but could be controlled through computer-based sensing of the positions of almost any of our body muscles; and going further, he noted that while gestural control through hands and arms were obvious choices, machines to sense and interpret eye motion data could and would be built. “An interesting experiment, he claimed, “will be to make the display presentation depend on where we look.” Sutherland’s work inspired Scott Fisher, Brenda Laurel, and Jaron Lanier, the inventors of the dataglove and first virtual reality and telepresence systems at NASA-Ames Research Center, and Tom Furness at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, who developed his own version of the ultimate display, based on eye and gesture tracking as a quasi “Darth-Vader Helmet” and integrated virtual cockpit. Furness was trying to solve problems of how humans interact with very complex machines, particularly the new high-tech F-16, F-14 and F-18 fighter planes, which were becoming so complicated that the amount of information a fighter pilot had to assimilate from the cockpit's instruments and command communications had become overwhelming. Furness’ solution was a cockpit that fed 3-D sensory information directly to the pilot, who could then fly by nodding and pointing his way through a simulated landscape below. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neurofutures/Introduction (more...)]

== Readings==
; Vernon B. Mountcastle : [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/120/4/701.long The Columnar Organization of the Neocortex]
; Jonathan C. Horton and Daniel L. Adams : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569491/?tool=pubmed The Cortical Column: A Structure Without a Function]
; John A. Bargh, Tanya L. Chartrand : [http://www.yale.edu/acmelab/articles/bargh_chartrand_1999.pdf The Unbearable Automaticity of Being]
; Miguel A. L. Nicolelis, Asif A. Ghazanfar, Barbara M. Faggin, Scott Votaw, Laura M. O. Oliveira : [http://www.princeton.edu/~asifg/old/pdfs/ReconstructingtheEngram-Nicolelis%20et%20al..pdf Reconstructing the Engram: Simultaneous, Multisite, Many Single Neuron Recordings]
; John K. Chapin, Karen A. Moxon, Ronald S. Markowitz, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis : [http://www.neuro-it.net/pdf_dateien/summer_2004/Chapin%201999.pdf Real-time Control of a Robot Arm Using Simultaneously Recorded Neurons in the Motor Cortex]
; Jose M. Carmena, Mikhail A. Lebedev, Roy E. Crist, Joseph E. O'Doherty, David M. Santucci, Dragan F. Dimitrov, Parag G. Patil, Craig S. Henriquez, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000042 Learning to Control a Brain–Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates]
; Benjamin Blankertz, Michael Tangermann, Carmen Vidaurre, Siamac Fazli1, Claudia Sannelli, Stefan Haufe, Cecilia Maeder, Lenny Ramsey, Irene Sturm, Gabriel Curio, Klaus-Robert Müller : [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroprosthetics/10.3389/fnins.2010.00198/full The Berlin Brain–Computer Interface: Non-Medical Uses of BCI Technology]
; Karl Deisseroth, Guoping Feng, Ania K. Majewska, Gero Miesenböck, Alice Ting, Mark J. Schnitzer : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820367/ Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits]
; Edward S. Boyden : [http://f1000.com/reports/b/3/11 A History of Optogenetics: The Development of Tools for Controlling Brain Circuits with Light]
; Olaf Sporns, Giulio Tononi, Rolf Kotter : [http://jhfc.duke.edu/jenkins/pubshare/LivingBooks_UploadFiles/21_Sporns_HumanConnectome_2005.pdf The Human Connectome: A Structural Description of the Human Brain]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neurofutures/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Neurofutures.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Digitize Me, Visualize Me, Search Me

2012-01-19T11:33:00Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:LifetrackingCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|LifetrackingCover1.jpg]] Open Science and its Discontents

ISBN: 978-1-60785-267-4

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Digitize_Me,_Visualize_Me,_Search_Me/bio Gary Hall] __TOC__

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Open_science/Introduction '''Introduction: White Noise: On the Limits of Openness (Living Book Mix)'''] ==

One of the aims of the Living Books About Life series is to provide a 'bridge' or point of connection, translation, even interrogation and contestation, between the humanities and the sciences. Accordingly, this introduction to ''Digitize Me, Visualize Me, Search Me'' takes as its starting point the so-called ‘computational turn’ to data-intensive scholarship in the humanities.

The phrase ‘[http://www.thecomputationalturn.com/ the computational turn]’ has been adopted to refer to the process whereby techniques and methodologies drawn from computer science and related fields – including science visualization, interactive information visualization, image processing, network analysis, statistical data analysis, and the management, manipulation and mining of data – are being increasingly used to produce new ways of approaching and understanding texts in the humanities - what is sometimes thought of as 'the digital humanities'. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Open_science/Introduction (more...)]

== Open Science ==

=== It’s An Open (Science), Open (Access), Open (Source), Open (Notebook) World ===

;[http://usefulchem.wikispaces.com/ Open Notebook Science ]

;Patrick O. Brown, Michael B. Eisen, Harold Varmus 
:[http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000036 Why PLoS Became a Publisher]

;Sally Murray, Stephen Choi, John Hoey, Claire Kendall, James Maskalyk, and Anita Palepu 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091592/pdf/OpenMed-02-e1.pdf??tool=pmcentrez Open Science, Open Access and Open Source Software at ''Open Medicine'']

=== Community Science ===

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=12873908}}

;[http://www.psfk.com/2010/09/biocurious-a-community-lab-for-biotechnology.html BioCurious: A Community Lab for Biotechnology]

;Richard Stallman 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020047 Free Community Science and the Free Development of Science]

=== 'This Revolution Will Be Digitized’: Online Tools for Open Science ===

;[http://biogang.openwetware.org/ Biogang]

;Bill Hooker 
:[http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/2007/01/the_future_of_s.html The Future of Science is Open, Part 3: An Open Science World]

;Chris Patil and Vivian Siegel 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675795/ This Revolution Will Be Digitized: Online Tools for Radical Collaboration]

=== Open Science Publishing ===

;Philip E. Bourne 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877727/?tool=pmcentrez#pcbi.1000787-Hey1 What Do I Want from the Publisher of the Future?]

;Cameron Neylon 
:[http://pirsa.org/08090038/ Science in the Open/or/How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love My Blog]

== Open Knowledge ==

=== Access to Knowledge ===

;[http://okfn.org/ Open Knowledge Foundation]

;Gaelle Krikorian and Amy Kapczynski, eds 
:[http://www.soros.org/initiatives/information/focus/access/articles_publications/publications/age-of-intellectual-property-20101110/age-of-intellectual-property-20101110.pdf ''Access to Knowledge In the Age of Intellectual Property'']

=== New Models for Open Sharing and Open Research ===

;Anne H. Margulies 
:[http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020200 A New Model for Open Sharing]

;Thomas B. Kepler, Marc A. Marti-Renom, Stephen M. Maurer, Arti K. Rai, Ginger Taylor, Matthew H. Todd 
:[http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/51/paper/CH06095.htm Open Source Research - The Power of Us]

=== Open Knowledge and its Discontents ===

;J.J. King 
:[http://www.metamute.org/proudtobeflesh The Packet Gang: Openness and its Discontents]

;Michael Gurstein 
:[http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/are-the-open-data-warriors-fighting-for-robin-hood-or-the-sheriff-some-reflections-on-okcon-2011-and-the-emerging-data-divide/ Are the Open Data Warriors Fighting for Robin Hood or the Sheriff?: Some Reflections on OKCon 2011 and the Emerging Data Divide]

== Open Data ==

=== Data-Intensive Science ===

;Vincent S. Smith 
:[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/113 Data Publication: Towards a Database of Everything]

;Tony Hey, Stewart Tansley, Kristen Tolle, eds 
:[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration/fourthparadigm/4th_paradigm_book_part4_complete.pdf Scholarly Communication, ''The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery'']

=== World of Data ===

;[http://www.freeourdata.org.uk/ Free Our Data]

;Simon Rogers 
:[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/nov/09/canada-open-data How Canada Became an Open Data and Data Journalism Powerhouse]

=== We Can Know It For You ===

;Omer Tene 
:[http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/ulr/article/viewArticle/136 What Google Knows: Privacy and Internet Search Engines]

;Daniel Chandramohan, Kenji Shibuya, Philip Setel, Sandy Cairncross, Alan D. Lopez, Christopher J. L. Murray, Basia Żaba, Robert W. Snow, Fred Binka 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050057 Should Data from Demographic Surveillance Systems Be Made More Widely Available to Researchers?]

== '''Digitize Me''' ==

=== Encode Me/Decode Me ===

;[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml Human Genome Project]

;The ENCODE Project Consortium 
:[http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/picrender.cgi?accid=PMC3079585&blobtype=pdf&tool=pmcentrez A User's Guide to the Encyclopaedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) ]

;[http://www.decodeme.com/about-decodeme deCODEme]

=== Life-Tracking ===

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=27381297}}

;[http://quantifiedself.com Quantified Self]

;Gary Wolf 
:[http://xrl.us/bh3d4g The Data-Driven Life]

;Aiden R. Doherty and Alan F. Smeaton 
:[http://doras.dcu.ie/15300/1/Sensors-03-154-Doherty-ie-edited.pdf Automatically Augmenting Lifelog Events Using Pervasively Generated Content from Millions of People]

;Jennifer S. Beaudin, Stephen S. Intille, and Margaret E. Morris 
:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794006/?tool=pmcentrez#ref1 To Track or Not to Track: User Reactions to Concepts in Longitudinal Health Monitoring]

=== The Neurological Turn: or, ‘How the Internet Gets Inside Us' ===

<youtube>NhLnoZFCDBM</youtube>

 

;Adam Gopnik 
:[http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2011/02/14/110214crat_atlarge_gopnik The Information: How the Internet Gets Inside Us]

;N. Katherine Hayles 
:[http://www.sciy.org/2010/11/24/hyper-and-deep-attention-the-generational-divide-in-cognitive-modes-by-n-katherine-hayles/ Hyper and Deep Attention: The Generation Divide in Cognitive Modes]

;Anna Munster 
:[http://computationalculture.net/article/nerves-of-data Nerves of Data: The Neuological Turn In/Against Networked Media]

== '''Visualize Me''' ==

=== What is Visualization? ===

;Lev Manovich 
:[http://manovich.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/manovich_visualization_2010.doc What is Visualization?]

;Nathan Yau 
:[http://flowingdata.com/2011/02/23/data-visualization-meets-game-design-to-explore-your-digital-life/ Data Visualization Meets Game Design to Explore your Digital Life]

;[http://bloom.io/ Bloom]

=== Mood-mapping ===

;Celeste Biever 
:[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19200-twitter-mood-maps-reveal-emotional-states-of-america.html Twitter Mood Maps Reveal Emotional States of America]

;[http://www.newscientist.com/articlevideo/dn19200/221111468001-twitter-mood-maps-reveal-emotional-states-of-america.html Twitter mood video]

<youtube>ZglPWYb8X2o</youtube> [http://www.moodscope.com/]

;[http://www.moodscope.com/ Moodscope]

;[http://www.mappiness.org.uk Mappiness]

=== The Visualized Human (or, The Human As Spectacle) ===

;Nicholas Felton 
:[http://feltron.com/ The Annual Felton Report]

<youtube>RE4ce4mexrU</youtube>

;Deb Roy 
:[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RE4ce4mexrU&feature=youtu.be The Birth of a Word]

{{#widget:Drucker Video}}

;Johanna Drucker 
:[http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/796 Humanistic Approaches to the Graphical Expression of Interpretation]

== Search Me ==

=== Search-Engine Science ===

;Emily H. Chan, Vikram Sahai, Corrie Conrad, and John S. Brownstein 
:[http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/articlerender.cgi?accid=PMC3104029&tool=pmcentrez Using Web Search Query Data to Monitor Dengue Epidemics: A New Model for Neglected Tropical Disease Surveillance]

;Annie Y.S. Lau, Enrico Coiera, Tatjana Zrimec, and Paul Compton 
:[http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/articlerender.cgi?accid=PMC2956236&tool=pmcentrez Clinician Search Behaviors May Be Influenced by Search Engine Design]

=== The Science of Control ===

;Alession Signorini, Alberto Maria Segre, Philip M. Polgreen 
:[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019467 The Use of Twitter to Track Levels of Disease Activity and Public Concern in the U.S. During the Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic]

;David Parry 
:[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance ''Surveillance'' ]

;Felix Stalder and Christine Mayer 
:[http://felix.openflows.com/node/113 The Second Index: Search Engines, Personalization and Surveillance (Deep Search)]

=== Deep Search ===

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=13456992}}

;Michael K. Bergman 
:[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0007.104 The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value]

;Clare Birchall 
:[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible The Invisible Web, ''The In/Visible'']

== Media Gifts? ==

{{#widget:Vimeo|id=8223187}} [http://www.suicidemachine.org/]

;[http://www.suicidemachine.org/ Web 2.0 Suicide Machine]

;[http://www.freedomboxfoundation.org/ Freedom Box Foundation]

;[http://yacy.net/en/index.html/ YaCy]

;[http://navasse.net/traceblog/about.html Traceblog]

;[http://turbulence.org/Works/JJPS/extension The JJPS Firefox Extension]

== Appendix ==

<youtube>ukNkx45Ua0Y</youtube>

;Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Open_science/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==

;[http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/DigitizeMe.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Nerves of Perception

2012-01-19T11:32:19Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:NeurologyperceptionCover1.jpg|border|right|318x450px|NeurologyperceptionCover1.jpg]]
Motor and Sensory Experience in Neuroscience

ISBN: 978-1-60785-266-7

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Nerves_of_Perception/bio Anna Munster]
__TOC__

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neuroscience/Introduction Introduction: Neuro-perception and What's at Stake in Giving Neurology Its Nerves?] ==
For the last few years, all things ‘neuro’ have been doing the rounds in the creative arts and humanities. We have had the declensions ‘neuropolitics’ and ‘noopolitics’; we have panicked about screen media and the internet rewiring our plastic brains; we have marvelled at artists incorporating MRIs into videos, photomedia and installations. Little wonder at such a response – after all, weren’t the 1990s officially declared, by [http://www.loc.gov/loc/brain/proclaim.html US Presidential proclamation] to be the ‘Decade of the Brain’? Neuroscience – the collective nomenclature we give the sciences of the brain  – is in fact a disparate assemblage of disciplines, methods and practices for understanding, healing, transposing, interpreting, imaging and, most importantly, constituting the nervous system in organisms. To get a sense of how diverse these sciences are, we can simply draw a small list up of some of them: for example, neuroanatomy, behavioural neuroscience, computational neuroscience, neuroethnology, molecular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, and so on. These all designate various specialities within neuroscience but also, sometimes vastly different methods, philosophical approaches and indeed ways of realising the brain as organ, system, structure or entity. Within or across any of these specialities, competing and dissonant approaches to how the nervous system is seen to function exist. A decade, indeed more than a century, of practice and research in neuroscience has only multiplied the neural as a vast field of unknown quanta and qualia. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neuroscience/Introduction (more...)]

== Nervous Perception: Germinal Articles in Neuroscience on Sensorimotor Experience ==
; J. Y. Lettvin, H. R. Maturana, W. S. McCulloch, and W. H. Pitts : [http://jerome.lettvin.info/lettvin/Jerome/WhatTheFrogsEyeTellsTheFrogsBrain.pdf What the Frog’s Eye Tells the Frog’s Brain]
; Evan Thompson : [http://individual.utoronto.ca/evant/PCSEnactive06pdf.pdf Sensorimotor Subjectivity and the Enactive Approach to Experience]
; Evan Thompson : [http://individual.utoronto.ca/evant/ColourSynthese95.pdf Colour Vision, Evolution, and Perceptual Content]
; Alva Noë : [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~noe/EWTH.pdf Experience Without the Head]
; Vittorio Gallese and Christian Keysers : [http://www.unipr.it/arpa/mirror/pubs/pdffiles/Gallese/Gallese-Keysers%202001.pdf Mirror Neurons: A Sensorimotor Representation System]
; Susan Martinez-Conde, Stephen L. Macknik and David H. Hubel : [http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/publications.htm The Role of Fixational Eye Movements in Visual Perception]

== Aspects of Sensorimotor Experience in the Perceptual Systems of Humans and Nonhumans ==
; Nachum Ulanovsky and Cynthia F. Moss : [http://www.pnas.org/content/105/25/8491.full What the Bat's Voice Tells the Bat's Brain]
; Jaime A Pineda : [http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-4-47.pdf Sensorimotor Cortex As a Critical Component of an 'Extended' Mirror Neuron System: Does It Solve the Sevelopment, Correspondence, and Control Problems in Mirroring?]
; Caroline Catmur : [http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00015/full Contingency Is Crucial for Creating Imitative Responses]
; Fortunato Battaglia, Sarah H. Lisanby and David Freedberg : [http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00015/full Corticomotor Excitability During Observation and Imagination of a Work of Art]
; Michele Rucci and Gaëlle Desbordes : [http://www.journalofvision.org/content/3/11/18.full Contributions of Fixational Eye Movements to the Discrimination of Briefly Presented Stimuli]

== Perception and Sensorimotor Experience from Neuroscientfic, Philosophical and Creative Practices ==
; William Forsythe and Alva Noë : [http://www.nypl.org/audiovideo/william-forsythe-alva-noë LIVE at the New York Public Library]
; Stephen Macknick : [http://macknik.neuralcorrelate.com/node/6 Visual Illusions]
; Garrison Institute Interview with Evan Thompson on the Contribution of Phenomenologies of Experience to the Neuroscience of Perception : <youtube>dmwm8tFnmNk</youtube>

[http://www.neuroculture.org/ Neuroculture.org: examples of work at the intersection of art and neuroscience]

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Neuroscience/Attributions Attributions]==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/NervesofPerception.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

The in/visible

2012-01-19T11:31:38Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:InvisibleCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|InvisibleCover1.jpg]]

ISBN: 978-1-60785-265-0

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/bio Clare Birchall]
__TOC__

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/introduction Introduction]==
Given that the essence of the invisible lies in our inability to see it, the large number of cultural attempts to represent and mobilise it as metaphor presents an irony. The use of invisibility as a trope dates back at least to the legend of Gyges, discussed in Plato's ''Republic'', written around 360 BC. Gyges discovers a ring that makes him invisible; the advantage this bestows helps him to win a kingdom. Ancient etymology indicates that the name of Hades, Greek god of the underworld, means ‘invisible’ and in mythology, a helmet, rather than a ring, enables Hades to escape detection (Roman & Roman, 2009: 182). More recently, H.G. Wells warned of its dangers, exploring the suspicion and havoc invisibility can [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb3n0g2NenI&feature=related wreak]; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65why7alD3Y Queen] have sung about its appeal; and Harry Potter dons an invisibility cloak to vanquish dark forces in the first book. In philosophy, at least for Merleau-Ponty and Derrida, albeit in different ways, the possibility of perception relies on the difference between the visible and invisible (see Reynolds, 2004). After Adam Smith, economists refer to the ‘invisible hand’ of the market: indicating a supposedly self-regulating entity. In terms of identity politics the invisible is used as a marker of the marginalised and voiceless – unrecognised by the state or society and without power, they are ''effectively ''invisible. Ralph Ellison’s ''Invisible Man'', for example, begins: ‘I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fibre and liquids - and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me’ (1952: 1). As a result of all this cultural activity around the invisible, the strangeness, the absence, the alterity that attracts us, and encourages us to find ways to represent invisibility through existing paradigms, is undoubtedly domesticated. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/introduction (more)]

==Invisible Web==
; Dirk Lewandowski and Philipp Mayr : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0702/0702103.pdf Exploring the Academic Invisible Web]
; Jayant Madhavan, Loredana Afanasiev, Lyublena Antova and Alon Halevy : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0909/0909.1785.pdf Harnessing the Deep Web: Present and Future]
; Makeuseof : [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/ 10 Search Engines to Explore the Deep Web]

==Black Holes==
; Ted Jacobson and Thomas P. Sotiriou : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1006/1006.1763v1.pdf Might Black Holes Reveal their Inner Secrets?]
; Alberto Sesana, Jonathan Gair, Emanuele Berti, Marta Volonteri : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1011/1011.5893v1.pdf Reconstructing the Massive Black Hole Cosmic History through Gravitational Waves]
; J.Hillis Miller : [http://books.google.com/books?id=yhZTV07yZHQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hillis+miller+black+holes&hl=en&ei=aCb_TbaDMcmY8QP86bGBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Boustrophedonic Reading: Black Holes]

==Invisibility Cloak==
; Xianzhong Chen, Yu Luo, Jingjing Zhang, Kyle Jiang, John B. Pendry and Shuang Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1012/1012.2783.pdf Macroscopic Invisibility Cloaking of Visible Light]
; Yangbo Xie, Huanyang Chen, Yadong Xu, Lin Zhu, Hongru Ma, and Jian‐Wen Dong : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1010/1010.2405.pdf An Invisibility Cloak Using Silver Nanowires]
; Huanyang Chen and Che Ting Chan, Shiyang Liu and Zhifang Lin : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0905/0905.1273v1.pdf A Simple Route to a Tunable Electromagnetic Gateway]
; Shuang Zhang, Dentcho A. Genov, Cheng Sun, Xiang Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0801/0801.2223.pdf Cloaking of Matter Waves]
; Moti Fridman, Alessandro Farsi, Yoshitomo Okawachi, Alexander L.Gaeta : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1107/1107.2062v1.pdf Demonstration of Temporal Cloaking]

==Dark Matter==
; Mark J. Hadley : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0701/0701100v1.pdf Classical Dark Matter]
; Vincenzo Vitale, Aldo Morselli : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0912/0912.3828v1.pdf Indirect Search for Dark Matter from the center of the Milky Way with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope]
; H. L. Helfer : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0308/0308054v1.pdf On the Interpretation of the Local Dark Matter]
; Andreus Albrecht et al. : [http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/DETF_Report.pdf Report of the Dark Energy Task Force]
; Cosmos Video News Release – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCgTJ6ID6ZA 'Dark Matter 3D Map' Open in YouTube] : <youtube>gCgTJ6ID6ZA</youtube>

==Stealth==
; F. P. Neele, M. Wilson and K. Youern : [http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz//handle/10289/3303 'Stealth' Technology: Proposed New Method of Interpretation of Infrared Ship Signature Requirements]
; David Hambling : [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2001/jun/07/physicalsciences.highereducation/print Vanishing Point]
; Gene Poteat : [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf Stealth, Countermeasures and ELINT 1960-1975]
; Trevor Paglen : [http://www.paglen.com/ Invisible]
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5aytDSnuxk YF-22 and YF-23 - Stealth Technology] : <youtube>X5aytDSnuxk</youtube>

==Seeing and Unseeing==
; Holly C. Miller, Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves, and Thomas R. Zentall : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696049/pdf/nihms108736.pdf What Do Dogs know about Hidden Objects?]
; Gary Lupyan and Michael J. Spivey : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898810/pdf/pone.0011452.pdf Making the Invisible Visible: Verbal but Not Visual Cues Enhance Visual Detection]
; Michael Wolf : [http://www.photomichaelwolf.com/transparent_city_details/ The Transparent City]
; Geraint Rees : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602754/pdf/ukmss-3295.pdf The Anatomy of Blindsight]

==Microscopic==
; Willard Wigan : [http://www.willard-wigan.com/video.aspx Micro Sculptor]
; Z. Wang, W. Guo, L. Li, B.S. Luk'yanchuk, A. Khan, Z. Liu, Z. Chen, M. Hong : [http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/staff/academic/profile/publications/index.html?staffId=309 Optical Virtual Imaging at 50 nm Lateral Resolution with a White Light Nanoscope]

==What this Living Book Might've Looked Like if I Were a Physicist==
; [http://download.iop.org/pw/PW_jul11_sample_issue.pdf 'Invisibility', Physicsworld, Vol.24, No.7, July 2011]

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/Attributions '''Attributions''']==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/invisible.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Human Genomics

2012-01-19T11:30:52Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:HumanGenomicsCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|HumanGenomicsCover1.jpg]]
From Hypothetical Genes to Biodigital Materialisations

ISBN: 978-1-60785-264-3

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Human_Genomics/bio Kate O'Riordan]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Human_genomics/Introduction '''Introduction'''] ==

This Living Book provides a very partial cut through human genomics as both a scientific field and a consumer interface. The introduction has four sections -- New Genetics, Maps of Life, Bioinformatics, Individual Genomes -- each containing a selection of science articles as well as material from cultural studies of science and technology. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Human_genomics/Introduction (more...)]

== New Genetics: Scientific Pictures and Ordinary Heroes ==
The genetics of the 1950s helped to signal a break from the associations that had been made between human genetics and forms of social eugenics in the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century. This period of ‘discovery’ science also lead the way in providing narratives of scientific heroes as ordinary guys (McNeil, 2011). This version of scientific discovery still resonates today, as genetic heroics were reproduced by Craig Venter and John Sulston during the Human Genome Project phase -- in biographies, autobiographies, popular science writing, news media and documentary. In 1953 Rosalind Franklin and Gosling detailed the distinctions between the A and B structures of the double helix in DNA, while Watson and Crick published their article on the structure of DNA.
; Rosalind E. Franklin and R. G. Gosling : [http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling2.pdf Evidence for 2-Chain Helix in Crystalline Structure of Sodium Deoxyribonucleate]
; J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick : [http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]

== Maps of Life: Catalogues, Mapping and Sequencing ==
=== a) Maps ===
In the 1960s and 1970s interest in cataloguing and mapping information about genomics came to the fore (Haraway, 1997). Such interest culminated in the Human Genome Project, but it had much earlier precursors.
; D. Botstein, R. L. White, M. Skolnick, R. W. Davis : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686077/?tool=pubmed Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map in Man Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms]
; Subcommittee of the  Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC) : [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/herac2.shtml Report on the Human Genome Initiative for the Office of Health and Environmental Research, 1987]
; U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment : [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/OTAreport.pdf Mapping Our Genes:The Genome Projects. How Big, How Fast?]

=== b) Catalogues ===
In 1966 a medical field came together through the publication of a catalogue. Dr Victor McKusick published the first print edition of Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM). This was an attempt to record what was known about Mendelian phenotypes – or the physical expression of genetic material – as medically relevant characteristics. It later became known as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM).
; Joanna Amberger, Carol A. Bocchini, Alan F. Scott, and Ada Hamosh McKusick : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686440/ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®)]

=== c) Sequencing ===
In the early 1980s the technique called PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction – was developed (see Rabinow, 1996, for an anthropological account). Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize for his work in this area but his key article, ‘An Unusual Origin of PCR’ is not freely available and is only accessible via subscription. However, a far more detailed and accessible article in the ''Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration'' (Fore, Weichers and Cook-Deegan 2006) is included here. This article examines the effect that the patent on PCR had on its use in the sciences. This is a useful piece because it provides a review of PCR in the genome sciences but also because it considers two key issues in genomics with particular relevance for the humanities. These are the related issues of commercial science and patenting.The two issues are linked but not inseparable. Commercial companies and publicly funded research institutions both take out patents on inventions or discoveries. PCR is a technique for reproducing large amounts of DNA and this facilitates sequencing. Kary Mullis’s work on this area was developed in a commercial setting. Patenting and other commercial imperatives in the life sciences are part of the everyday reality of working in this area. Genomics is a 20th century science which has been developed within a highly commercialised system. The most controversial dimension of commercial practice in this area is not the patent on PCR per se, but rather concerns the question of the patenting of genes and of genetic tests. This area is discussed further in relation to DNA in general in [http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/patenting-dna The Ethics of Patenting DNA: A Discussion Paper] (2002, Nuffield Council on Bioethics).
; Joe Fore Jr, Ilse R Wiechers, Robert Cook-Deegan : [http://www.j-biomed-discovery.com/content/1/1/7 The Effects of Business Practices, Licensing, and Intellectual Property on Development and Dissemination of the Polymerase Chain Reaction: Case Study]

== Bioinformatics ==
=== a) Bioinformatic Approaches ===
Bioinformatics has become the dominant paradigm for working with genomics in many areas. This does raise the question of who can make sense of genomics – biologists or computer scientists. The Exome paper below can been seen as one of the ways in which a debate about who is qualified to make sense of genomics is playing out. Jenny Reardon’s (2011) paper in ''Personalised Medicine'' (also available via Medscape) examines these tensions in the field and gives a clear picture of some of the stakes involved.
; Pauline C. Ng, Samuel Levy, Jiaqi Huang, Timothy B. Stockwell, Brian P. Walenz, Kelvin Li, Nelson Axelrod, Dana A. Busam, Robert L. Strausberg, J. Craig Venter : [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000160 Genetic Variation in an Individual Human Exome]

=== b) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS): From Universal Human Genome to Population Variation ===
Haplotype mapping raises a whole set of debates and questions about race and human difference. This article sets out some of the later findings of the HapMap and demonstrates the kinds of typing that is going on in this area. For detailed accounts of the practices and challenges of this kind of human genomics see Jenny Reardon’s ''Race to the Finish'' and Amade M’Charek’s ''The Human Genome Diversity Project''.
; International HapMap Consortium : [http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/downloads/presentations/nature_hapmap3.pdf A Second Generation Human Haplotype Map of Over 3.M million SNPs]

=== c) Publishing the Reference Genome ===
The Human Genome Project ran from the late 1980s to 2003 and produced the human reference genome. These two articles signal the completion of the so-called first draft, which was announced to the world by the leaders of the USA and UK governments in 2000.
; International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium : [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409860a0.html Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome]
; J. Craig Venter ''et al.'' : [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5507/1304.full The Sequence of the Human Genome]

== '''Individual Genomes: Biodigital Artefacts''' ==
=== a) Mobilizing Consumer Data ===
In this article the direct-to-consumer genetics company, ''23andMe'', publish their results from self-reporting or crowd-sourced samples. These participant-driven studies potentially open up consumer-derived genetic databases and self-reported phenotypical information to biomedical research.
; Nicholas Eriksson, J. Michael Macpherson1, Joyce Y. Tung, Lawrence S. Hon, Brian Naughton, Serge Saxonov, Linda Avey, Anne Wojcicki, Itsik Pe'er, Joanna Mountain : [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993 Web-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits]

=== b) Attempting Clinical Relevance ===
So far personal genomics has not had much application in clinical contexts. The overwhelming amount of highly specialised data generated by whole genome sequencing, and the light touch probabilities of genome scanning, present either too much or too little information. This paper outlines an attempt to put personal genomics in a clinical context.
; Euan A. Ashley, Atul J. Butte, Matthew T. Wheeler, Rong Chen, Teri E. Klein, Frederick E. Dewey, Joel T. Dudley, Kelly E. Ormond, Aleksandra Pavlovic, Louanne Hudgins, Li Gong, Laura M. Hodges, Dorit S. Berlin, Caroline F. Thorn, Katrin Sangkuhl, Joan M. Hebert, Mark Woon, Hersh Sagreiya, Ryan Whaley, Alexander A. Morgan, Dmitry Pushkarev, Norma F Neff, Joshua W. Knowles, Mike Chou, Joseph Thakuria, Abraham Rosenbaum, Alexander Wait Zaranek, George Church, Henry T. Greely, Stephen R. Quake, and Russ B. Altman : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435227 Clinical Assessment Incorporating a Personal Genome]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Human_genomics/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/HumanGenomics.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Creative Evolution

2012-01-19T11:30:10Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:EvolutionarypsychCover1.jpg|right|318x450px]]
Natural Selection and the Urge to Remix

ISBN: 978-1-60785-263-6

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Creative_Evolution/bio Mark Amerika]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Creative_Evolution/Introduction '''Introduction: What Is Creativity?'''] ==
 What is Creativity? In his ''Process and Reality'' Alfred North Whitehead writes that
<blockquote> Creativity is the principle of novelty. </blockquote>
 The concept of novelty or more specifically novelty generation as the modus operandi of all living creatures mutating in the remix pool relates to current trends in networked art where the artist-as-medium postproduces the Source Material Everywhere as part of a larger co-poietic unfolding inside the networked space of flows ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Evolutionary_psychology/natural_selection/Introduction more]...)

----

== Readings ==
; Cheryl A. Kerfeld : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000100 When Art, Science, and Culture Commingle]
; David P. Barash : [http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep02200219.pdf Biology Lurks Beneath: Bioliterary Explorations of the Individual versus Society]
; Liane Gabora : [http://cogprints.org/4768/1/beercan.htm The Beer Can Theory of Creativity]
; Elena Daprati, Marco Iosa, Patrick Haggard : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005023 A Dance to the Music of Time: Aesthetically-Relevant Changes in Body Posture in Performing Art]
; Marco Iacoboni, Istvan Molnar-Szakacs, Vittorio Gallese, Giovanni Buccino, John C. Mazziotta, Giacomo Rizzolatti : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044835/pdf/pbio.0030079.pdf Grasping the Intentions of Others with One’s Own Mirror Neuron System]
; Chrisantha Fernando, K.K. Karishma, Eors Szathmary : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775 Copying and Evolution of Neuronal Topology]
; Steven P. DiPaola and Liane Gabora : [http://cogprints.org/6767/ Incorporating Characteristics of Human Creativity into an Evolutionary Art Algorithm]
; Richard Samuels : [http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/944/ Is the Mind Massively Modular?]
; Johan De Smedt : [http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/EP08695719.pdf Toward an Integrative Approach of Cognitive Neuroscientific and Evolutionary Psychological Studies of Art]
; Mark Amerika : [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/351/353 Source Material Everywhere]
; Mark Amerika : [http://www.vjtheory.net/web_texts/text_amerika.htm Ghost Tendencies]
; John Egenes : [http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=614106&q1=remix&f1=all&b1=and&q2=&f2=all&recNo=2&uiLanguage=en Commentary: The Remix Culture; How the Folk Process Works in the 21st Century]
; Geoffrey F. Miller : [http://www.unm.edu/~psych/faculty/aesthetic_fitness.htm Aesthetic fitness: How Sexual Selection Shaped Artistic Virtuosity as a Fitness Indicator and Aesthetic Preferences as Mate Choice Criteria]
; Julie Copeland : [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/sunmorn/stories/s1381964.htm The Creative Urge: Elizabeth Grosz ]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Creative_Evolution/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/CreativeEvolution.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Energy Connections

2012-01-19T11:29:33Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:Energy.jpg|right|318x450px|Energy.jpg]] Living Forces in Creative Inter/Intra-Action

ISBN: 978-1-60785-262-9

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Energy_Connections/bio Manuela Rossini]

__TOC__

== '''[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Energy/Introduction Introduction: Energy as a Nomadic Concept]''' ==

=== Energy Forms: TransForming Dynamics   ===

;Ibrahim Dincer & Yunus A. Cengel
:[http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/3/3/116/ Energy, Entropy and Exergy Concepts and Their Roles in Thermal Engineering]
;Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic
:[http://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/2/3/460 Dynamics of Information as Natural Computation]
;Gordana Dodig-Cmkovic, ed.
:[http://www.mdpi.com/journal/information/special_issues/matter/ Information and Energy/Matter]
;David Rudrauf et al.
:[http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602003000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso From Autopoesis to Neurophenomenology: Francisco Varela's Exploration of the Biophysics of Being] 
;Nophea Sasaki, Toshiaki Owari and Francis E. Putz
:[http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/4/7/1051 Time To Substitute Bioenergy for Nuclear Power in Japan]
;Libb Thims
:[http://knol.google.com/k/human-thermodynamics# Human Thermodynamics. The study of heat and work interactions in human life processes]

=== Energy Flows: Empowering Cosmopolitics ===

;Eric J. Chaisson
:[http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/follow_the_energy_chaisson.pdf Follow the Energy: Relevance of Cosmic Evolution for Human History]
;Clare Colebrook
:[http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/newformations/articles/nf68colebrook.pdf Queer Vitalism]
;Geoffrey P. Hammond and Adrian B. Winnett
:[http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1195 The Influence of Thermodynamic Ideas on Ecological Economics: An Interdisciplinary Critique]
;Takeshi Naganuma
:[http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/827 An Astrobiological View on Sustainable Life]
;Dorion Sagan and Jessica Hope Whiteside
:[http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/sagan_whiteside_05_sm.pdf Gradient Reduction Theory: Thermodynamics and the Purpose of Life]
;Eric D. Schneider and Dorion Sagan
:Webpage of: [http://www.intothecool.com/index.php Into the Cool: Energy Flows, Thermodynamics, and Life]
;Isabelle Stengers, with Erin Manning and Brian Massumi
:[http://www.senselab.ca/inflexions/volume_4/n3_stengershtml.html History through the Middle: Between Macro and Micropolitics]
;Günther Witzany
:[http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toevolj/openaccess2.htm Bio-Communication of Bacteria and their Evolutionary Roots in Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses]

=== Energy Matters: Entangling Physis and Semiosis ===

;Karen Barad
:Quantum Entanglements and Hauntological Relations of Inheritance: Dis/continuities, SpaceTime Enfoldings, and Justice-to-Come (pdf, available on 30 November 2011)
;Henri Bergson
:[http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7048563M/Mind-energy_lectures_and_essays Mind-Energy. Lectures and Essays]
;Søren Brier
:[http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/issue/view/3 The Cybersemiotic Model of Communication: An Evolutionary Model at the Threshold between Semiosis and Informational Exchange]
;Søren Brier, ed.
:[http://www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy/special_issues/cybersemiotics-paradigms Cybersemiotics] (special issue of ''Entropy''). Click for an overview of the 11 papers published in this volume. 
;Bruce Clarke
:[http://altx.com/ebr/w(ebr)/essays/clarke.html A Scientific Romance: Thermodynamics and the Fourth Dimension in Charles Howard Hinton’s ‘The Persian King’]
;Peter Harries-Jones
:[http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/12/12/2359 Bioentropy, Aesthetics and Meta-dualism: The Transdisciplinary Ecology of Gregory Bateson]
;Isabelle Stengers
: [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/stengers.pdf Energy is Conserved!]

== Energetic Art ==

;Tate Modern 
:[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/CollectionDisplays?venueid=2&showid=2338 Level 5: Energy and Process]
;Zane Berzina 
:[http://www.zaneberzina.com/e-staticshadows.htm e-static shadows]
;Anne Blonstein "Energy" (pdf)  
;Sher Doruff 
:[http://www.senselab.ca/inflexions/volume_4/n4_doruff.html ZeNeZ]
;Anthony Dunne   
:[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11578 Hertzian Tales]
;Bill Seaman 
:[http://www.billseaman.com Recombinant Poetics]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Energy/Attributions Attributions] ==

Medianatures

2012-01-19T11:28:53Z

Pw:

[[Image:MedianaturesCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|MedianaturesCover1.jpg]]
The Materiality of Information Technology and Electronic Waste

ISBN: 978-1-60785-261-2

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Medianatures/bio Jussi Parikka]
__TOC__
==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Electronic_waste/Introduction Introduction: The Materiality of Media and Waste]==
''Medianatures ''picks up from Donna Haraway’s idea of ''naturecultures ''– the topological continuum between nature and culture, the material entwining and enfolding of various agencies, meanings and interactions. Medianatures gives the concept of naturecultures a specific emphasis, and that emphasis is at the core of this living book. It is a useful concept and framework for investigating some of the ways in which our electronic and high-tech media culture is entwined with a variety of material agencies. The notion of ‘materiality’ is taken here in a literal sense to refer, for instance, to ‘plasma reactions and ion implantation’ (Yoshida, 1994: 105) – as in processes of semiconductor fabrication, or to an alternative list of media studies objects and components which are studied from an e-waste management perspective: ‘metal, motor/compressor, cooling, plastic, insulation, glass, LCD, rubber, wiring/electrical, concrete, transformer, magnetron, textile, circuit board, fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp, heating element, thermostat, brominated flamed retardant (BFR)-containing plastic, batteries, CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, external electric cables, refractory ceramic fibers, radioactive substances and electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm)’, and which themselves are constituted from a range of materials – plastics, wood, plywood, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, palladium, lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, hexavalent chromium and flame retardants (Pinto, 2008). ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Electronic_waste/Introduction more])

== Materials ==

; Kevin Brigden and David Santillo : [http://www.genderchangers.org/docs/200609_Greenpeace_ToxicChemicalsincomputers.pdf Toxic Chemicals in Computers Exposed: Determining the Presence of Hazardous Substances in Five Laptop Computers]

; Jason Holden and Christopher Kelty : [http://cnx.org/content/m14503/latest/ The Environmental Impact of the Manufacturing of Semiconductors]

; Fumikazu Yoshida : [http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/30514/1/23_P73-138.pdf High-Tech Pollution]

; Bernd Kopacek : [http://ewasteguide.info/files/Kopacek_2008a_WasteCon.pdf ReLCD: Recycling and ReUse of LCD Panels]

; Richard W. Clapp : [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30 Mortality Among US Employees of a Large Computer Manufacturing Company: 1969-2001]

== Energetics ==

; UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology : [http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn319.pdf ICT and CO2 Emissions]

; Olli Silven and Kari Jyrkkä : [http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/es/2007/056976.pdf Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices]

; Partha Pratim Ray : [http://www.ijcse.com/docs/IJCSE10-01-04-15.pdf The Green Grid Saga -- A Green Initiative to Data Centers: A Review]

; Jonathan G. Koomey : [http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010]

; Willis Lang and Jignesh M. Patel : [http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.1767 Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems]

; Matteo Pasquinelli : [http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-117-four-regimes-of-entropy-for-an-ecology-of-genetics-and-biomorphic-media-theory/ Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory]

== Waste ==

; Jim Puckett and Ted Smith (eds) : [http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/publications/reports/toxics/2006/exporting-harm-the-high-tech/ Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia]

; Jonathan Linton, Julian Scott Yeomans, and Reena Yoogalingam : [http://www.iseis.org/eia/abstract.asp?no=04056 The Facilitation of Industrial Ecology, Product Take-Back, and Sustainability through the Forecasting of Television Waste Flows]

; Julian Scott Yeomans and Yavuz Günalay : [http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toenvirj/articles/V003/14TOENVIRSJ.pdf Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal]

; Violet N. Pinto : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796756/ E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge]

; S. Priyadharshini ''et al''. : [http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST11-03-03-114.pdf A Survey on Electronic Waste Management in Coimbatore]

== Ecosophy ==

; Matthias Feilhauer and Soenke Zehle (eds) : [http://www.i-r-i-e.net/issue11.htm Ethics of Waste in the Information Society - Special issue of ''International Review of Information Ethics'']

; Jussi Parikka : [http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-116-media-ecologies-and-imaginary-media-transversal-expansions-contractions-and-foldings/ Media Ecologies and Imaginary Media: Expansions, Contractions and Foldings]

; Garnet Hertz : [http://www.conceptlab.com/deadmedia/ Dead Media Research Lab]

; [http://rti.lowtech.org/intro/ Redundant Technology Initiative]

== Appendix 1 ==

; Jennifer Gabrys : [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=dcbooks;idno=9380304.0001.001;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;cc=dcbooks;xc=1;g=dculture Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics]

; [http://www.phonestory.org/ Phone Story: an educational game about the dark side of your favorite smart phone]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Electronic_waste/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Medianatures.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Cosmetic Surgery

2012-01-19T11:28:15Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:CosmeticsurgeryCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|CosmeticsurgeryCover1.jpg]]
Medicine, Culture, Beauty

ISBN: 978-1-60785-260-5

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cosmetic_Surgery/bio Bernadette Wegenstein]
__TOC__

<youtube>FF4svPalRWc</youtube>
Plastic Reconstruction of Face, Red Cross Worker, Paris 1918 (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) In this Parisian lab, facial parts are being plastered and put on a badly disfigured man (most likley a world war one veteran).

; [[Image:Diderot.jpg|400px|Diderot.jpg]] : Denis Diderot and Jean Baptiste Le Rond d'Alembert: "Chirurgie," in: [http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/ Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers] 1772

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cosmetic_surgery/Introduction Introduction] ==
The listing of the three areas—medicine, culture, and beauty—in the subtitle of my Living Book on cosmetic surgery is not coincidental. The practice of cosmetic surgery—a surgical intervention into the body for merely aesthetic and not medical reasons—is a medical discipline, dating back to the times of the Hindu doctor [http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijps/vol4n2/sushruta.xml Sushruta], who practiced rhinoplasty c. 500 BCE. The promise on which this medical discipline operates is, however, not only that of ‘health,’ but also that of ‘beauty,’ be it a restorative beauty that seeks to ‘repair’ what has been lost (due to age, accident, or illness)—hence ''reconstructive ''surgery—or a beauty that is yet to be born, or ‘carved out,’ with the help of an aesthetic surgeon's scalpel and with reference to the grounding pillars of beauty: symmetry and proportion. In both cases, the desire for such beauty can be defined as a cultural phenomenon: in the sense that it affects the way we humans look, what we want, and the way we define our appearance and correlate it to our inner qualities and characteristics. ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cosmetic_surgery/Introduction more])

== Public Health==
; Joel Schlessinger, MD, FAAD, FAACS, Daniel Schlessinger, and Bernard Schlessinger, PhD : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989811/?tool=pmcentrez Prospective Demographic Study of Cosmetic Surgery Patients]
; Anne F Klassen, Andrea L Pusic, Amy Scott, Jennifer Klok, Stefan J Cano : [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/9/11 Satisfaction and quality of life in women who undergo breast surgery: A qualitative study]
; Jamal M. Bullocks, M.D. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884919/?tool=pmcentrez Cosmetic Surgery in the Ethnic Population: Special Considerations and Procedures]
; Sunishka Wimalawansa, M.D., Aisha McKnight, M.D., and Jamal M. Bullocks, M.D. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884924/ Socioeconomic Impact of Ethnic Cosmetic Surgery: Trends and Potential Financial Impact the African American, Asian American, Latin American, and Middle Eastern Communities Have on Cosmetic Surgery]
; Roberta J. Honigman, MSW; Alun C. Jackson, PhD; and Nicki A. Dowling, PhD : The PreFACE: A Preoperative Psychosocial Screen for Elective Facial Cosmetic Surgery and Cosmetic Dentistry Patients

; [[Image:Tagliacozzi2.jpg|311x448px|Cosmetic Surgery of the Nose, Gaspare Tagliacozzi, 1597]] : Gaspare Tagliacozzi: Plastic Surgery of the Nose : [http://www.archive.org/details/decurtorumchirur02tagl De Curtorum Chirurgia], 1597

== Breast Reconstruction — Medical Discourse and Illustration ==
; Charles M Balch, MD, and Lisa K Jacobs, MD : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2749168/?tool=pmcetrez Mastectomies on the Rise for Breast Cancer: "The Tide is Changing"]
; Michael A Martin, Ramona Meyricke, Terry O'Neill, and Steven Roberts : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459180/?tool=pmcentrez Mastectomy or Breast Conserving Surgery? Factors affecting Type of Surgical Treatment for Breast Cancer — a Classification Tree Approach]
; Chen JY, Malin J, Ganz PA, Ko C, Tisnado D, Tao ML, Timmer M, Adams JL, Kahn KL. : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607520/?tool=pubmed Variation in Physician-patient Discussion of Breast Reconstruction]
; Mal Bebbington Hatcher, Lesley Fallowfield : [http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7278/76.long The Psychosocial Impact of Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy] 

<youtube>NAteUqDt4Bk</youtube>

== Psychology and Sociology ==
; Randy A Sansone, MD, Lori A Sansone, MD : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861519/?tool=pmcentrez Cosmetic Surgery and Psychological Issues]
; Roberta J Honigman, BComm, BsocWork, AASW: Katharine A Philiips, MD; David J Castle, MSc, MD, MRCPsych, FRANZCP : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762095/ A Review of Psychological Outcomes for Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery]
; Cressida Heyes : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/DIAGNOSING_CULTURE_HEYES.pdf Diagnosing Culture: Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery]
; Steven S. Platek, Devendra Singh : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/WHR_PLATEK_SINGH.pdf Optimal Waist-to-Hip Ratios in Women Activate Neural Reward Centers in Men]
; Victor S Johnston : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/FACIAL_BEAUTY_JOHNSTON.pdf Facial Beauty and Mate Choice Decisions]

[http://beautyanalysis.com/ Dr. Stephen Marquardt's Beauty Analysis]

<youtube>aKTC26BNXQQ</youtube>

<youtube>lJGnE33hIm0</youtube>

== Feminism and Cultural Studies ==
; Nora Ruck : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/Optimization_Nora_Ruck.pdf Beauty Normalized: Normalization and Optimization of the Human Body in Cosmetic Surgery and Psychological Attractiveness Research]
; Brenda R Weber : [http://www.genders.org/g41/g41_weber.html Beauty, Desire, and Anxiety: the Economy of Sameness in ABC's Extreme Makeover]
; Kathy Davis : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/SURGICAL_PASSING_DAVIS.pdf Surgical Passing: Or Why Michael Jackson's Nose Makes 'Us' Uneasy]
; Meredith Jones : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/ARCHITECTURE_OF_BODY_JONES.pdf Architecture of the Body: Cosmetic Surgery and Postmodern Space]
; Alicia R Ouellette : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/Eyes_Wide_Open.pdf Eyes Wide Open: Surgery to Westernize the Eyes of an Asian Child]

<youtube>CSxzAF2inC8</youtube>

== Philosophy and Ethics ==
; Arthur Caplan, Carl Elliott : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0010052 Is it Ethical that we Use Enhancement Technologies that Make Us Better Than Well?]
; Cressida Heyes : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/Cressida_Heyes_FMS1.pdf Cosmetic Surgery and the Televisual Makeover: A Foucauldian Feminist Reading]
; Joanna Zylinska : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/BIOETHICS_HUMANS_ANIMALS_MACHINES_ZYLINSKA.pdf Of Swans and Ugly Ducklings: Bioethics between Humans, Animals, and Machines]
; Meredith Jones : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/cosmeticsurgery/LOLO_FERRARI_JONES.pdf Makeover Culture’s Dark Side: Breasts, Death and Lolo Ferarri]

[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/000218/surgery.shtml Interview with Sander Gilman]

<youtube>Bij_ttM_9ug</youtube>

The famous come-back video Spiegel by the all-female German Hip Hop group Tic Tac Toe came out in 2005.

It deals with female body image disorder, and the resulting desire to change everything about oneself, when looking into the Spiegel (mirror). It is told through the voices of three participants of a group therapy session who come out rapping their self-hatred.

== Selected Links ==
[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html NIH Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Info]

[http://www.surgery.org/ The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery]

[http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/pages/default.aspx Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons]

[http://www.awfulplasticsurgery.com/ Awfulplasticsurgery]

[http://www.newbeauty.com/ New Beauty Magazine]

[http://www.plasmetic.com/latest-trends/rhinoplasty/dr-oleh-slupchynskyj-develops-a-nasal-asa-implant-for-african-american-rhinoplasty.html Nasal "S" Implant for African American Rhinoplasty]

[http://www.gentryvisualization.com/A-B3.html Medical Illustration by Jennifer Gentry]

[http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/avon_foundation_breast_center/treatments_services/breast_surgical_oncology/mastectomy.html Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Info from The Johns Hopkins University Hospital]

<span style="color: rgb(112, 158, 7); border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in;">Cosmetic Surgery Tourism Research Project


== Reality TV Makeover Shows ==

<youtube>12oQqsqxvW8</youtube>

<youtube>MMBATvlEYFc</youtube>

<youtube>ViZogH0Ejpo</youtube>

<youtube>zMndLajQm_0</youtube>

== Cosmetic Surgery and Film ==

<youtube>RDmbMNu6XRo</youtube>

<youtube>8cCzWLDqSTU</youtube>

<youtube>TN3mMXBVI2E</youtube>

<youtube>j66W14d5Pjw</youtube>

<youtube>bcEdhBx6U9c</youtube>

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cosmetic_surgery/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/CosmeticSurgery.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

The Mediations of Consciousness

2012-01-19T11:27:35Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:ConsciousnessCover1.jpg|right|318x450px]]

ISBN: 978-1-60785-259-9

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Mediations_of_Consciousness/bio Alberto López Cuenca]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Introduction '''Introduction: From the Brain to General Intellect: Commentary on the Mediations of Consciousness'''] ==
There is an overwhelming amount of literature about the nature of consciousness and its riddles. Yet one must necessarily work through this literature if one is interested in the philosophical and scientific details of the related debates. However, this means that this short book can be neither an exhaustive introduction nor a developed stance on the issue of consciousness – the problem of the mind-body relationship, the reduction of mental states to brain states, or the attribution of consciousness to single individuals. Something of that kind can be found elsewhere.1 As far as these issues are concerned, this Living Book is more of a call to pay attention to the current ways in which some of the scientific discussions about consciousness are framed. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Introduction (more...)]

== The Riddle of Consciousness ==
; Max Velmans : [http://cogprints.org/6453/1/How_to_define_consciousness.pdf How to Define Consciousness -- And How Not to Define Consciousness]
; Richard Robinson : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000066 Exploring the 'Global Workspace' of Consciousness]
; Erik Sorem : [http://www.ucd.ie/philosophy/perspectives/resources/issue3/Perspectives_volumeIII_SearleMaterialismMindBody.pdf Searle, Materialism, and the Mind-Body Problem]

== Representing Consciousness ==
; Amr A Guenedi, Ala'Alddin Al Hussaini, Yousif A Obeid, Samir Hussain, Faisal Al-Azri and Samir Al-Adawi : [http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/pdf/1752-1947-3-9325.pdf Investigation of the Cerebral Blood Flow of an Omani Man with Supposed ‘Spirit Possession’ Associated with an Altered Mental State: A Case Report]
; Arvid Lundervold : [http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/pdf/1753-4631-4-S1-S9.pdf On Consciousness, Resting State fMRI, and Neurodynamics]
; Cornelis J. Stam & Jaap C. Reijneveld : [http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/pdf/1753-4631-1-3.pdf Graph Theoretical Analysis of Complex Networks in the Brain]

== Extended Consciousness ==
; Xialei Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.1651 The Emergence of Consciousness in the Quantum Universe]
; Mondendra Grover : [http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST11-03-02-093.pdf The Quantum Computing Conscious Universe and the Extended Deep Ecology Hypothesis: Implications for Medicine, Agriculture and Technology]
; Axel A. Randrup : [http://www.transpersonalstudies.org/ImagesRepository/ijts/Downloads/Animal%20Mind%20as%20Approached%20by%20the%20Transpersonal%20Notion%20of%20Collective%20Conscious%20Experience.pdf Animal Mind as Approached by the Transpersonal: Notion of Collective Conscious Experience]

== Appendix: Varieties of Conscious Experience ==
; David W. Hill : [http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/5_2/Hill5_2.html Reflections on Leaving Facebook]

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Attributions Attributions]==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/MediationsofConsciousness.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Cognition and Decision

2012-01-19T11:26:33Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:CognitiondecisionCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|CognitiondecisionCover1.jpg]]
in Non-Human Biological Organisms

ISBN: 978-1-60785-258-2

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cognition_and_decision/bio Steven Shaviro]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cognition_and_decision/Introduction '''Introduction''']==
What is the relationship between life and thought? Are all living organisms capable of thinking? Or is thought restricted to animals with nervous systems and brains? Or is it restricted only to human beings, or to us and a few of the other ‘higher’ animals? In any case, what is the relation between thought (which takes place, we like to say, in the mind) and the actual physical processes that take place in the brains of animals and human beings when they are thinking? For that matter, what does it mean to say that thinking, like other forms of organic activity, is subject to, and determined by, physical laws? Is it meaningful to ascribe ‘free will’ to human beings and other organisms? Or are thought processes strictly deterministic, so that ‘free will’ is just an illusion? These are all speculative, metaphysical questions, which philosophers have been actively discussing for at least several thousand years. They cannot be answered by science alone. But at the very least, biological research of the past several decades has given us vastly more information about cognition and thought, in human beings and in other organisms, than we ever possessed before. In what follows, I would like to look briefly at some of this research, and ponder its implications. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cognition_and_decision/Introduction (more)]

== Decision-Making and Free Will in Biological Organisms ==
; Gabor Balazsi, Alexander van Oudenaarden, and James J. Collins : [http://www.bu.edu/abl/files/cell_balazsi.pdf Cellular Decision Making and Biological Noise: From Microbes to Mammals]
; Alexander Maye, Chih-hao Hsieh, George Sugihara, Bjorn Brembs : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000443 Order in Spontaneous Behavior]
; Björn Brembs : [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/12/14/rspb.2010.2325 Towards a Scientific Concept of Free Will as a Biological Trait: Spontaneous Actions and Decision-making in Invertebrates]

== Bacterial Cognition ==
; Eshel Ben Jacob, Yoash Shapira, Alfred I. Tauber : [http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/papers/sdarticle.pdf Seeking the Foundations of Cognition in Bacteria: From Schrodinger's Negative Entropy to Latent Information]

==Plant Cognition==
; Anthony Trewavas : [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/1/1.full Aspects of Plant Intelligence]
; Ian T. Baldwin, Rayko Halitschke, Anja Paschold, Caroline C. von Dahl, Catherine A. Preston : Signaling in Plant-Plant Interactions: "Talking Trees" in the Genomics Era

==Cognition and Decision in Slime Molds==
; Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Ryo Kobayashi, Yasumasa Nishiura, and Tetsuo Ueda : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691859/ Obtaining Multiple Separate Food Sources: Behavioural Intelligence in the Physarum plasmodium]
; Tanya Latty and Madeleine Beekman : [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/08/05/rspb.2010.1045 Irrational Decision-making in an Amoeboid Organism: Transitivity and Context-dependent Preferences]

==The Biological Basis of Cognition, Decision, Activity, and Moods ==
; Björn Brembs : [http://bjoern.brembs.net/request79.html The Importance of Being Active]
; Melissa Bateson, Suzanne Desire, Sarah E. Gartside, and Geraldine A. Wright : [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982211005446 Agitated Honeybees Exhibit Pessimistic Cognitive Biases]

== '''[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Cognition_and_decision/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/CognitionandDecision.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Biosemiotics

2012-01-19T11:25:54Z

Pw:

[[Image:BiosemioticsCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|BiosemioticsCover1.jpg]]
Nature | Culture | Science | Semiosis

ISBN: 978-1-60785-257-5

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Biosemiotics/bio Wendy Wheeler]
__TOC__
==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Biosemiotics/Introduction '''Introduction''']==
I’m pleased to be able to welcome readers to this Living Book titled ''Biosemiotics: Nature/Culture/Science/Semiosis''. Biosemiotics – as its name suggests – is committed to science-humanities interdisciplinarity. As readers of these Living Books will doubtless know, this kind of interdisciplinarity is no mean task, but we have come a long way since C. P. Snow complained that humanities scholars knew nothing of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (Snow, 1998: 15). The sciences of modernity developed their methodological strengths and practical successes on the basis of ‘objective’1 observation and measurement, drawing on forms of description (preferentially mathematical models) as far removed as possible (which may not be that far (Pimm, 1981: 47-50; Manin, 2007; Lakoff & Núñez, 2000)) from the poetic, metaphor-rich and intersubjective language and the hermeneutical assumptions of the humanities. Although natural and cultural evolution (and, in the latter, the arts and humanities and the sciences) equally depend on continuities as well as what Thomas Kuhn called ‘revolutionary’ alterations,2 in the end both the practice of science and judgments concerning radical revisions of theory belong (as Kuhn noted in his 1969 ‘Postscript’) to the relevant scientific community (Kuhn, 1996). [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Biosemiotics/Introduction '''(more...)''']

== Readings==
; Donald Favareau : [http://www.biosemiotics.org/favareau/FAVAREAU_HISTORY_OF_BIOSEMIOTICS.pdf The Evolutionary History of Biosemiotics]
; Thomas A. Sebeok : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/sebeok.pdf Semiotics and the Biological Sciences: Initial Conditions]
; Kalevi Kull : [http://www.zbi.ee/~kalevi/kulljvu.pdf Jakob von Uexküll: An Introduction]
; Kalevi Kull : [http://www.zbi.ee/~kalevi/textorg.htm Organism As a Self-Reading Text: Anticipation and Semiosis]
; Kalevi Kull and Jesper Hoffmeyer : [http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/kullhoffmeyer332.pdf Thure von Uexküll 1908-2004]
; Jesper Hoffmeyer : [http://web.mac.com/jhoffmeyer/Jespers_Site/Scientific_publications_files/Biology%20is%20immature%20Biosemiotics.%20Epilogue.pdf Epilogue to Semiotics: Biology Is Immature Biosemiotics]
; Jesper Hoffmeyer : [http://web.mac.com/jhoffmeyer/Jespers_Site/Scientific_publications_files/Semiotic%20Freedom%20an%20Emerging%20Force.pdf Semiotic Freedom: An Emerging Force]
; Kalevi Kull : [http://www.zbi.ee/~kalevi/KullCHK2009.pdf Biosemiotics: To Know, What Life Knows]
; Kalevi Kull, Terrence Deacon, Claus Emmeche, Jesper Hoffmeyer, Frederik Stjernfelt : [http://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull/Papers/150164/Theses_on_biosemiotics_Prolegomena_to_a_theoretical_biology Theses on Biosemiotics: Prolegomena to a Theoretical Biology]
; Søren Brier : [http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/12/8/1902/pdf Cybersemiotics: An Evolutionary World View Going Beyond Entropy and Information into the Question of Meaning]
; Frederik Stjernfelt : [http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-89958-143-0.volltext.frei.pdf The Semiotic Body]
; Günther Witzany : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634023/ Plant Communication from Biosemiotic Perspective: Differences in Abiotic and Biotic Signal Perception Determine Content Arrangement of Response Behavior. Context Determines Meaning of Meta-, Inter- and Intraorganismic Plant Signaling]
; John Deely : [http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/papers/greenbook.pdf The Green Book: The Impact of Semiotics on Philosophy']
; John Deely : [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=E9651802BCDC14BF A Dialogue: "A Sign is ''What''!?" ("a sign is that which presupposes an object")]
: John Deely : [http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/pdf/deely_Semiotic_Sign_Dialogue.pdf A Sign Is What? Original written dialogue] [http://www.morec.com/semiotic/ See also John Deely's Bibliography Dramatic Reading in Three Voices: 'A Sign is What?']
; Terrence Deacon – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT-zZ0PMqgI Language and Complexity: Evolution Inside Out] : <youtube>OT-zZ0PMqgI</youtube>

; Gregory Bateson : [http://www.oikos.org/mind&nature.htm Chapters 2 and 3 of Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity]
; Gregory Bateson and Mary Catherine Bateson : [http://www.oikos.org/angelsfear.htm Chapters 2 and 3 of Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred]
; Peter Harries-Jones : [http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/12/12/2359/pdf Bioentropy, Aesthetics and Meta-dualism: The Transdisciplinary Ecology of Gregory Bateson]
; Paul Cobley : [http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/newformations/articles/nf62%20cobley.pdf Semioethics, Voluntarism and Anti-humanism]
; Susan Petrilli : [http://www.susanpetrilli.com/PDF/Petrilli%20FINAL%20Significs%20and%20Semioethics108-120.pdf Significs and Semioethics. Places of the Gift in Communication Today]
; Wendy Wheeler : [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/londonmet/fms/MRSite/acad/hale/General/Wheeler_Bateson_Sacred%20GL13%202010.pdf Gregory Bateson and Biosemiotics: Transcendence and Animism in the 21st Century]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Biosemiotics/Attributions Attributions] ==
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Biosemiotics/Acknowledgments Acknowledgments] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Biosemiotics.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Bioethics™

2012-01-19T11:25:13Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:BioethicsCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|BioethicsCover1.jpg]]
Life, Politics, Economics

ISBN: 978-1-60785-256-8

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Bioethics/bio Joanna Zylinska]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Bioethics/Introduction '''Introduction: Bioethical Mutations in the Age of Capital'''] ==
Bioethics is a serious business, in every sense of the word. A sub-domain of philosophy which deals with issues concerning life and health, it has to arbitrate not only over practical matters regarding patient care and medical experiments, but also over the very ontology of ‘life’: its manufacturing, patenting and redefinition in and by the biotech industry. Since bioethics functions as a node in the complex nexus of social, political and economic forces, it is perhaps not surprising that technocapitalism does not want to leave it just to philosophers. Instead, it mobilises a whole army of experts: morality salespeople, ethics technicians, value mathematicians, to help us decide on the price of life. Consequently, bioethics increasingly abandons its more daring ambitions and responsibilities -- such as exploring the metaphysics of life or the politics of everyday survival -- to serve instead as just a ‘technical discourse about values clarification and choice’ (Haraway, 2007: 109). Its methods of working are thus principally procedural, akin to ‘facts and hypothesis testing’ in science (Haraway, 2007: 109). Feminist thinker Donna Haraway points out that medical ethics ‘is now a literal industry, funded directly by the new developments in technoscience. Ethics experts have become an indispensable part of the apparatus of technoscience-production’ (2007: 109). To put it crudely, bioethics’ role is often to get biotech corporations off the hook -- although, of course, it has the potential to be much more than that. Indeed, in its engagement with life in both a metaphysical and material sense, bioethics is conceivably one of the most exciting areas of philosophical interrogation and artistic experimentation today. ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Bioethics/Introduction more])

== '''The Business of Bioethics''' ==
; Carl Elliott : [http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=american_bioscience_meets_the_american_dream American Bioscience Meets the American Dream]
; Jocelyn E. Mackie, Andrew D. Taylor, David L. Finegold, Abdallah S. Daar, Peter A. Singer : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030129 Lessons on Ethical Decision Making from the Bioscience Industry]
; Carlos Novas : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030142 What Is the Bioscience Industry Doing to Address the Ethical Issues It Faces?]
; Ezekiel J Emanuel, Trudo Lemmens, Carl Elliott : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030309 Should Society Allow Research Ethics Boards to Be Run As For-Profit Enterprises?]

== '''The Commercialization of Medical Research and Patient Care''' ==
; T Lemmens, PB Miller : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030330 Regulating the Market in Human Research Participants]
; Aaron S. Kesselheim, Michelle M. Mello, David M. Studdert : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000431 Strategies and Practices in Off-Label Marketing of Pharmaceuticals: A Retrospective Analysis of Whistleblower Complaints]
; Adriane J. Fugh-Berman : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000335 The Haunting of Medical Journals: How Ghostwriting Sold “HRT”]
;Ben Goldacre : [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/01/bad-science-drug-trials-seeding-trials The True Purpose of a Drug Trial Is Not Always Obvious]
; Marcia Angell : [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/23/epidemic-mental-illness-why The Epidemic of Mental Illness: Why?] and [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jul/14/illusions-of-psychiatry The Illusions of Psychiatry]
; David Henry : [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000359 Doctors and Drug Companies: Still Cozy after All These Years]

== '''Biomanufacturing and Biopatenting''' ==
; Antony Taubman : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628210/?tool=pmcentrez The International Patent System and Biomedical Research: Reconciling Aspiration, Policy and Practice]
; Arti Rai, James Boyle : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050058 Synthetic Biology: Caught between Property Rights, the Public Domain, and the Commons]
; Paul Rabinow, Gaymon Bennett : [http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/articlerender.cgi?accid=PMC2759434&tool=pmcentrez Synthetic Biology: Ethical Ramifications 2009]
; D G Gill : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065932/?tool=pmcentrez “Anything you can do, I can do bigger?”: The Ethics and Equity of Growth Hormone for Small Normal Children]
; Joanna Zylinska : [http://joannazylinska.squarespace.com/storage/external-stuff/zylinska_enhancement_author_ms.pdf Playing God, Playing Adam: The Politics and Ethics of Enhancement]

== '''The Body as Property, Commodity and Gift''' ==
; Tarif Bakdash, Nancy Scheper-Hughes: [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030349 Is It Ethical for Patients with Renal Disease to Purchase Kidneys from the World's Poor?]
; Mark Schweda, Silke Schicktanz : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/4/1/4 The "spare parts person"? Conceptions of the Human Body and Their Implications for Public Attitudes towards Organ Donation and Organ Sale]
; Antonia J Cronin, David Price : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948558/?tool=pmcentrez Directed Organ Donation: Is the Donor the Owner?]
; Howard Wolinsky : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2002559/?tool=pmcentrez The Thousand-Dollar Genome. Genetic Brinkmanship or Personalized Medicine?]

== Global Health Inc. ==
; Robert Mitchell, Catherine Waldby : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879701/?tool=pmcentrez National Biobanks: Clinical Labor, Risk Production, and the Creation of Biovalue]
; Kammerle Schneider, Laurie Garrett : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/4/1/1 The End of the Era of Generosity? Global Health amid Economic Crisis]
; Jacquineau Azétsop, Stuart Rennie : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/5/1/1 Principlism, Medical Individualism, and Health Promotion in Resource-poor Countries: Can Autonomy-based Bioethics Promote Social Justice and Population Health?]
; Stuart Rennie, Bavon Mupenda : [http://www.peh-med.com/content/3/1/25 Living Apart Together: Reflections on Bioethics, Global Inequality and Social Justice]

== '''The Art of Life Between Speculation and Appreciation''' ==
; Ionat Zurr, Oron Catts : [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/30/37 Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy]
; Adam Zaretsky : [http://emutagen.com/wrkhzoo.html The Workhorse Zoo Art and Bioethics Quiz]
; Critical Art Ensemble : [http://www.critical-art.net/books/flesh/ The Flesh Machine]
; Joanna Zylinska – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMUoQtmeSo8 If It Reads, It Bleeds; 3' video, 2010] : <youtube>PMUoQtmeSo8</youtube>

== '''[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Bioethics/Attributions Attributions]''' ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Bioethics.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

== The Ultimate PDF version ==
To download a PDF version of this living book (in a slightly different incarnation than the 'living' version available online, and containing actual texts rather than links), '''[http://joannazylinska.squarespace.com/storage/external-stuff/Zylinska-bioethics_book3.pdf '''right-click here''']''', click on 'Save Link As' ('Download Linked File' on a Mac) and save it on your computer.''' You will then be able to read it offline or transfer it to your ebook reader. However, if you prefer to just read it online, [http://joannazylinska.squarespace.com/storage/external-stuff/Zylinska-bioethics_book3.pdf click here].

The Life of Air

2012-01-19T11:24:24Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:AirCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|AirCover1.jpg]]
Dwelling, Communicating, Manipulating

ISBN: 978-1-60785-254-4

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/bio Monika Bakke]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Introduction Introduction: The Multispecies Use of Air] ==
‘It’s alive!’ we could certainly exclaim if confronted with a microscopic view of air. As aerobiologists observe, ‘[h]undreds of thousands of individual microbial cells can exist in a cubic metre of air, representing perhaps hundreds of unique taxa’ (Womack ''et al''., 2010: 3645). But what deserves special attention here is not only that air is full of life but also, apart from being a mean of transport and communication, air is a habitat in its own right. The ''zoe ''of air comes in abundance and we – breathing organisms – are all in this together for better and for worse, dead or alive. We have finally come to realize that air is messy, being neither an empty space nor a void, but a space where species meet. And like any other life form, as Donna Haraway emphasizes, we find ourselves ‘in a knot of species coshaping one another in layers of reciprocating complexity all the way down’ (2008: 42). ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Introduction more...])

== Dwelling in Air ==
; Ann M. Womack, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, Jessica L. Green : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982008/?tool=pubmed Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Atmosphere]
; Anna A. Gorbushina, Renate Kort, Anette Schulte, David Lazarus, Bernhard Schnetger, Hans-Jürgen Brumsack, William J. Broughton, Jocelyne Favet : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01461.x/full Life in Darwin's Dust: Intercontinental Transport and Survival of Microbes in the Nineteenth Century]
; Anders Hedenström : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362 Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?]
; Elizabeth Thomas : [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/images/art/matrix/224/MATRIX_224_Tomas_Saraceno.pdf Tomas Saraceno Looks to the Sky and Sees Possibilities]
; Nerea Cavillo : [http://intheair.es/index.html In the Air]
; Steven Connor – [http://www.stevenconnor.com/ Taking to the Air] : {{#widget:SoundCloud|id=24257558}}

== Nonhuman Volatile Communication ==
; Frederick R. Adler : [http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/2/161.full Plant Signalling: The Opportunities and Dangers of Chemical Communication]
; Geraldine A. Wright, Florian P. Schiestl : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01627.x/full The Evolution of Floral Scent: The Influence of Olfactory Learning by Insect Pollinators on the Honest Signalling of Floral Rewards]
; Michael R. Whitehead, Rod Peakall : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01620.x/full Integrating Floral Scent, Pollination Ecology and Population Genetics]
; Corinna Thom, David C. Gilley, Judith Hooper, Harald E. Esch : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050228 The Scent of the Waggle Dance]

== Anthropology of Scents ==
; Gordon M. Shepherd : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020146 The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?]
; Charles J. Wysocki, George Preti : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20125/full Facts, Fallacies, Fears, and Frustrations with Human Pheromones]
; Susana Camara Leret : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/smellscapes.pdf Smellscapes: The Loss of Smell in a Visual Culture]
; Usman Haque : [http://www.haque.co.uk/scentsofspace.php Scents of Space]
; Oswaldo Maciá, Jenny Marketou, Chrysanne Stathacos, Clara Ursitti : [http://www.displaycult.com/exhibitions/odor_limits.html Odor Limits]

== Inspiration-Expiration ==
; Bogusław Buszewski, Martyna Kęsy, Tomasz Ligor, Anton Amann : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmc.835/pdf Human Exhaled Air Analytics: Biomarkers of Diseases]
; Sabrina Raaf : [http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=13 Breath I: Pleasure] [http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=15&sec=images# Breath Cultures]

; Jarosław Kozakiewicz : [http://www.kozakiewicz.art.pl/wpis_en.php?id=38 Oxygen Towers]
; Tomas Saraceno : [http://www.artscatalyst.org/projects/detail/poeticcosmosofthebreath/ Poetic Cosmos of the Breath]
; Ruud Kaulingfreks , René Ten Bos : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/learningtofly_Kaulingfreks.pdf Learning to Fly: Inspiration and Togetherness]
; M. J. Parkes : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625/full Breath-holding and Its Breakpoint]

== Airborne Anxieties ==
; Simon Luechinger : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02241.x/full#fn1 Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach]
; G. Liccardi, A. Custovic, M. Cazzola, M. Russo, M. D'Amato, G. D'Amato : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008705.x/full Avoidance of Allergens and Air Pollutants in Respiratory Allergy]
; Lisa Fong Poh Ng ; [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000066 The Virus That Changed My World ]
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVLo2CtB3GA&feature=related How Flu Viruses Attack] : <youtube>TVLo2CtB3GA</youtube>
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soh3P0ITtE8 What You Should Know About Biological Warfare] : <youtube>Soh3P0ITtE8</youtube>
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty1SMtpuaO4&feature=related How to Survive- Biological or Chemical Attack] : <youtube>ty1SMtpuaO4</youtube>
; Critical Art Ensemble : [http://www.critical-art.net/mp.html Bodies of Fear in a World of Threat]
; Beatriz da Costa : [http://www.pigeonblog.mapyourcity.net/index.php Pigeonblog]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/LifeofAir.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Astrobiology

2012-01-19T11:23:27Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:AstrobiologyCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|AstrobiologyCover1.jpg]]
and The Search for Life on Mars

ISBN: 978-1-60785-255-1

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Astrobiology/bio Sarah Kember]
__TOC__
==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Astrobiology/Introduction '''Introduction: What is Life?''']==
J. B. S. Haldane (1949) and Erwin Schrödinger (1944), two of the twentieth century’s most influential scientists, posed the direct question, ‘what is life?’ and declared that it was a question unlikely to find an answer. Life, they suggested, might exceed the ability of science to represent it and even though the sciences of biology, physics and chemistry might usefully describe life’s structures, systems and processes, those sciences should not seek to reduce it to the sum of its parts. While Schrödinger drew attention to the physical structure of living matter, including especially the cell, Haldane asserted that ‘what is common to life is the chemical events’ (1949: 59) and so therefore life might be defined, though not reduced, to ‘a pattern of chemical processes’ (62) involving the use of oxygen, enzymes and so on. ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Astrobiology/Introduction more])

[[Image:C sarah1.jpg]]

== 'Here are phenomena that are passing strange' ==
; Percival Lowell : [http://ia600208.us.archive.org/2/items/mars00lowe/mars00lowe.pdf ''Mars'']
; H. G. Wells : [http://ia700304.us.archive.org/26/items/warofworlds00welluoft/warofworlds00welluoft.pdf ''The War of the Worlds'']

== 'An aroma of actuality' - Lowell vs. Wallace on the Nature of Knowledge and Life ==
; Percival Lowell : [http://ia600304.us.archive.org/23/items/marsanditscanals00loweiala/marsanditscanals00loweiala.pdf ''Mars and Its Canals'']
; Alfred Russell Wallace : [http://ia600409.us.archive.org/20/items/ismarshabitablec00wallrich/ismarshabitablec00wallrich.pdf ''Is Mars Habitable?'']

== From Martians with- to Martians as- Microbes ==
; Percival Lowell : [http://ia600504.us.archive.org/22/items/marsabodeoflife00loweiala/marsabodeoflife00loweiala.pdf ''Mars as the Abode of Life'']
; Gilbert V. Levin : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/Labeled%20_Release_Gil_Levin.pdf The Labeled Release Experiment – Past and Future]

[[Image:C sarah2.jpg]]

== Alien Communication ==
; NASA : [http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/sounds.html Voyager: Sounds of Earth]
; SETI-X : [http://earthscramble.com/ Scrambles of Earth]

== What is life? ==
; Chris P. McKay : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516796/pdf/pbio.0020302.pdf What Is Life -- and How Do We Search for It in Other Worlds?]
; Y. N. Zhuravlev, V. A. Avetisov : [http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/281/2006/bg-3-281-2006.pdf The Definition of Life in the Context of Its Origin]

== Astrobiology from the Perspective of Sustainability ==
; Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto : [http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1602/pdf Resistance of Microorganisms to Extreme Environmental Conditions and Its Contribution to Astrobiology]
; Seth D. Baum : [http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/591/pdf Is Humanity Doomed? Insights from Astrobiology]

[[Image:C sarah3.jpg]]

== Afterword ==
; Sarah Kember : [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/235/216 Creative Evolution?: The Quest for Life (On Mars)]
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Astrobiology/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Astrobiology.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Another Technoscience is Possible

2012-01-18T13:04:50Z

Pw:

[[Image:AgricultureCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|AgricultureCover1.jpg]]  
Agricultural Lessons for the Posthumanities

ISBN: 978-1-60785-253-7

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/bio Gabriela Méndez Cota]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Introduction '''Introduction: The Posthuman Life of Agriculture: Local Knowledges, Open Source Lives'''] ==
When Foucault introduced the concept of biopolitics, he referred to a historically specific power agenda involving a particular approach to life. This approach was at the root of the modern sciences of biology and political economy, both of which set out to describe, explain and manage their objects of study as abstract processes of production and reproduction. Agricultural science must be situated in relation to the biopolitical agenda of 'applying' the modern scientific approach to the management of social life. [http://www.jae-online.org/back-issues/58-volume-37-number-4-1996/556-the-origins-of-agriscience-or-where-did-all-that-scientific-agriculture-come-from.html The scientification of agriculture] took place in the United States towards the end of the 19th century, through a process that entailed both a delegitimation of farmer-generated knowledges and [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/c/chla/browse/title/7032038.html the production of new, modern subjectivities]. As farmers became entrepreneurs in need of scientific education and advice, newly trained agronomists devoted themselves to designing fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid seeds with the goal of maximizing yields. Public institutions were created which coordinated agricultural production with both science and trade policy. Agricultural science was thus inseparable from the process which transformed much of US agriculture into transnational agribusiness, and local farming networks all over the world into consumer endpoints of a globalized food industry. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Introduction (more...)]

== Readings ==
; Alison G. Power : [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1554/2959.full Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Tradeoffs and Synergies]
; Andrew K. Evers, Amanda Bambrick, Simon Lacombe, Michael C. Dougherty, Matthias Peichl, Andrew M. Gordon, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Joann Whalen and Robert L. Bradley : [http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toasj/articles/V004/SI0047TOASJ/49TOASJ.pdf Potential Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Temperate Tree-Based Intercropping Systems]
; Vincent Thieu, Gilles Billen, Josette Garnier and Marc Benoît : [http://www.springerlink.com/content/w218435644u81584/fulltext.html Nitrogen Cycling in a Hypothetical Scenario of Generalised Organic Agriculture in the Seine, Somme and Scheldt Watersheds]
; Acácio A. Navarrete, Fabiana S. Cannavan, Rodrigo G. Taketani and Tsiu M. Tsai : [http://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/2/5/787/pdf A Molecular Survey of the Diversity of Microbial Communities in Different Amazonian Agricultural Model Systems]
; Wagner Bettiol, Raquel Ghini, José Abrahao Haddad Galvao, Marcos Antônio Vieira Ligo and Jeferson Luiz de Carvhalo Mineiro : [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sa/v59n3/10591.pdf Soil Organisms in Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems]
; Chengyun Li, Xiahong He, Shusheng Zhu, Huiping Zhou, Yunyue Wang, Yan Li, Jing Yang, Jinxiang Fan, Jincheng Yang, Guibin Wang, Yunfu Long, Jiayou Xu, Yongsheng Tang, Gaohui Zhao, Jiangrong Yang, Lin Liu, Yan Sun, Yong Xie, Haining Wang and Youyong Zhu : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008049 Crop Diversity for Yield Increase]
; Ricardo Antonio Marenco and Ávila Maria Bastos Santos : [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pab/v34n10/7189.pdf Crop Rotation Reduces Weed Competition and Increases Chlorophyll Concentration and Rice Yield]
; Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga, Linnet S. Gohole and Elmada O. Auma : [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/7432/7872 Agronomic Performance of Collards under Two Intercrops and Varying Nitrogen Application Levels as Assessed Using Land Equivalent Ratios]
; Gregory A. Jones and Jennifer L. Gillett : [http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/0015-4040%282005%29088%5B0091%3AIWSTAB%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Intercropping with Sunflowers to Attract Beneficial Insects in Organic Agriculture]
; Cristina A. Faria, Felix L. Wäckers, Jeremy Pritchard, David A. Barrett, Ted C. J. Turlings : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000600 High Susceptibility of Bt Maize to Aphids Enhances the Performance of Parasitoids of Lepidopteran Pests]
; Andréia S. Guimaraes and José S. Mourao : [http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746-4269-2-42.pdf Management of Plant Species for Controlling Pests by Peasant Farmers at Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil: An Ethnoecological Approach]
; Julia Quartz : [http://www.ijtds.com/IJTDS1_1_quartz.pdf Creative Dissent with Technoscience in India: The Case of Non-Pesticidal Management (NPM) in Andra Pradesh]
; Jack Kloppenburg : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00275.x/full Impending Dispossession, Enabling Repossession: Biological Open Source and the Recovery of Seed Sovereignty]
; Keith Aoki : [http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub17892.pdf "Free Seeds, not Free Beer": Participatory Plant Breeding, Open Source Seeds, and Acknowledging User Innovation in Agriculture]
; Derek Byerlee and Harvey Jesse Dubin : [http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/147/113 Crop Improvement in the CGIAR as a Global Success Story of Open Access and International Collaboration]
; Laxmi Prasad Pant and Helen Hambly-Odame : [http://www.innovation.cc/scholarly-style/pant_odame_creative_commons4final2rev.pdf Creative Commons: Non-Proprietary Innovation Triangles in International Agricultural and Rural Development Partnerships]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Attributions '''Attributions'''] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/AnotherTechnoscienceisPossible.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Another Technoscience is Possible

2012-01-18T13:02:28Z

Pw: added ISBN

[[Image:AgricultureCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|AgricultureCover1.jpg]]  
Agricultural Lessons for the Posthumanities

ISBN 978-1-60785-253-7

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/bio Gabriela Méndez Cota]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Introduction '''Introduction: The Posthuman Life of Agriculture: Local Knowledges, Open Source Lives'''] ==
When Foucault introduced the concept of biopolitics, he referred to a historically specific power agenda involving a particular approach to life. This approach was at the root of the modern sciences of biology and political economy, both of which set out to describe, explain and manage their objects of study as abstract processes of production and reproduction. Agricultural science must be situated in relation to the biopolitical agenda of 'applying' the modern scientific approach to the management of social life. [http://www.jae-online.org/back-issues/58-volume-37-number-4-1996/556-the-origins-of-agriscience-or-where-did-all-that-scientific-agriculture-come-from.html The scientification of agriculture] took place in the United States towards the end of the 19th century, through a process that entailed both a delegitimation of farmer-generated knowledges and [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/c/chla/browse/title/7032038.html the production of new, modern subjectivities]. As farmers became entrepreneurs in need of scientific education and advice, newly trained agronomists devoted themselves to designing fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid seeds with the goal of maximizing yields. Public institutions were created which coordinated agricultural production with both science and trade policy. Agricultural science was thus inseparable from the process which transformed much of US agriculture into transnational agribusiness, and local farming networks all over the world into consumer endpoints of a globalized food industry. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Introduction (more...)]

== Readings ==
; Alison G. Power : [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1554/2959.full Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Tradeoffs and Synergies]
; Andrew K. Evers, Amanda Bambrick, Simon Lacombe, Michael C. Dougherty, Matthias Peichl, Andrew M. Gordon, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Joann Whalen and Robert L. Bradley : [http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toasj/articles/V004/SI0047TOASJ/49TOASJ.pdf Potential Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Temperate Tree-Based Intercropping Systems]
; Vincent Thieu, Gilles Billen, Josette Garnier and Marc Benoît : [http://www.springerlink.com/content/w218435644u81584/fulltext.html Nitrogen Cycling in a Hypothetical Scenario of Generalised Organic Agriculture in the Seine, Somme and Scheldt Watersheds]
; Acácio A. Navarrete, Fabiana S. Cannavan, Rodrigo G. Taketani and Tsiu M. Tsai : [http://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/2/5/787/pdf A Molecular Survey of the Diversity of Microbial Communities in Different Amazonian Agricultural Model Systems]
; Wagner Bettiol, Raquel Ghini, José Abrahao Haddad Galvao, Marcos Antônio Vieira Ligo and Jeferson Luiz de Carvhalo Mineiro : [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sa/v59n3/10591.pdf Soil Organisms in Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems]
; Chengyun Li, Xiahong He, Shusheng Zhu, Huiping Zhou, Yunyue Wang, Yan Li, Jing Yang, Jinxiang Fan, Jincheng Yang, Guibin Wang, Yunfu Long, Jiayou Xu, Yongsheng Tang, Gaohui Zhao, Jiangrong Yang, Lin Liu, Yan Sun, Yong Xie, Haining Wang and Youyong Zhu : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008049 Crop Diversity for Yield Increase]
; Ricardo Antonio Marenco and Ávila Maria Bastos Santos : [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pab/v34n10/7189.pdf Crop Rotation Reduces Weed Competition and Increases Chlorophyll Concentration and Rice Yield]
; Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga, Linnet S. Gohole and Elmada O. Auma : [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/7432/7872 Agronomic Performance of Collards under Two Intercrops and Varying Nitrogen Application Levels as Assessed Using Land Equivalent Ratios]
; Gregory A. Jones and Jennifer L. Gillett : [http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/0015-4040%282005%29088%5B0091%3AIWSTAB%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Intercropping with Sunflowers to Attract Beneficial Insects in Organic Agriculture]
; Cristina A. Faria, Felix L. Wäckers, Jeremy Pritchard, David A. Barrett, Ted C. J. Turlings : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000600 High Susceptibility of Bt Maize to Aphids Enhances the Performance of Parasitoids of Lepidopteran Pests]
; Andréia S. Guimaraes and José S. Mourao : [http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746-4269-2-42.pdf Management of Plant Species for Controlling Pests by Peasant Farmers at Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil: An Ethnoecological Approach]
; Julia Quartz : [http://www.ijtds.com/IJTDS1_1_quartz.pdf Creative Dissent with Technoscience in India: The Case of Non-Pesticidal Management (NPM) in Andra Pradesh]
; Jack Kloppenburg : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00275.x/full Impending Dispossession, Enabling Repossession: Biological Open Source and the Recovery of Seed Sovereignty]
; Keith Aoki : [http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub17892.pdf "Free Seeds, not Free Beer": Participatory Plant Breeding, Open Source Seeds, and Acknowledging User Innovation in Agriculture]
; Derek Byerlee and Harvey Jesse Dubin : [http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/147/113 Crop Improvement in the CGIAR as a Global Success Story of Open Access and International Collaboration]
; Laxmi Prasad Pant and Helen Hambly-Odame : [http://www.innovation.cc/scholarly-style/pant_odame_creative_commons4final2rev.pdf Creative Commons: Non-Proprietary Innovation Triangles in International Agricultural and Rural Development Partnerships]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Agriculture/Attributions '''Attributions'''] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/AnotherTechnoscienceisPossible.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

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Veterinary science/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:56:02Z

Pw: Unprotected "Veterinary science/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science Back to the book]

 Woods, A. & Matthews, S. (2010) '“Little, if at all, Removed from the Illiterate Farrier or Cow-leech”: The English Veterinary Surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the Campaign for Veterinary Reform'. ''Medical History'' 54: 29-54 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793141/ ''PubMed Central Licence'' © Abigail Woods and Estate of Stephen Matthews 2010. Palmer, C. (2006) 'Animals in Anglo-American Philosophy'. ''Ruminations'' 4 http://www.h-net.org/~animal/ruminations_palmer.html Licence © H-Animal, H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online. Gunnarsson, S. (2006) 'The Conceptualisation of Health and Disease in Veterinary Medicine'. ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'' 48:20. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/48/1/20 Licence © 2006 Gunnarsson; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Grandin, T. & Deesing, M. (2002, updated 2003) 'Distress in Animals: Is it Fear, Pain, or Physical Stress?'. Paper given at American Board of Veterinary Practitioners Symposium, 2002. Link to Temple Grandin website: http://www.grandin.com/welfare/fear.pain.stress.html [Statement on the website homepage: ‘This web page was put up to educate people throughout the world about modern methods of livestock handling which will improve animal welfare and productivity. You have permission to copy articles, pictures, and diagrams. Please acknowledge Temple Grandin.’] Law, J. ‘Care and Killing: Tensions in Veterinary Practice,’ http://www.heterogeneities.net/publications/Law2008CareAndKilling.pdf Reproduced with permission of the author. Image © Chris Chapman, reproduced with permission. Velazquez, M. A. (2008) 'Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Cattle: Applications in Livestock Production, Biomedical Research and Conservation Biology'. ''Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences'', 10: 36-62 http://arbs.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/arbs/article/view/96 Licence: © Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences provides open access to all of its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Such access is associated with increased readership and increased citation of an author's work. For more information on this approach, see the Public Knowledge Project, which has designed this system to improve the scholarly and public quality of research, and which freely distributes the journal system as well as other software to support the open access publishing of scholarly resources. Einarsson, S. ''et al''. (2008) 'Stress and its Influence on Reproduction in Pigs: A Review'. ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'' 50: 48 http://www.actavetscand.com/content/50/1/48 Licence © 2008 Einarsson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Rollin, B. E. (2011) 'Animal Rights as a Mainstream Phenonemon'. ''Animals ''1, 102-115. http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/1/1/102/ Licence © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Kadaba, D. (2011) 'Rehabilitation of a Paraplegic Kitten with Acute Depression'. ''Vet Scan'' 6:1 Article 82 Link to Vet Scan website: http://www.vetscan.co.in/v6n1/82-Rehabilitation-Paraplegic-Kitten-Acute-Depression.htm Article reproduced with permission. Thamm, D. & Dow, S. (2009) 'How Companion Animals Contribute to the Fight Against Cancer in Humans,’ ''Veterinaria Italiana'' 45: 1, 111-120. http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2009/45_1/111.htm Licence © Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’. Publications of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (Istituto G. Caporale) are protected by international copyright law. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link articles to ''Veterinaria Italiana'' full pdf files. Ducceschi, L., Green, N. & Miller Spiegel, C. (2010) 'Dying to Learn: The Supply and Use of Companion Animals in US Colleges and Universities', ''PubMed Central'' http://www.altex.ch/en/index.html?id=50&iid=121&aid=6 Licence: Published in final edited form as Altex 2010 27/4: 304-8, © Copyright: Society ALTEX Edition, Kuesnacht ZH, Switzerland Kirkwood, J. K. (1987) ‘Animals at Home – Pets as Pests: A Review,’ ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'' 80:2, 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290680/ Licence © Published in final edited form as: ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'', 80 (1987), 97-100. Available via a link to ''PubMed Central'' website. Merola, V. (2002) ‘Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Deadly for Pests, Dangerous for Pets,’ ''Veterinary Medicine'' (October), 716-722. Link to article at webpage for ASPCA on: http://www.aspcapro.org/search.php?cx=006662374600932631778%3An63yw0tcxlg&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=merola+anticoagulants&sa=Search&siteurl=www.aspcapro.org%2F#442 Fudge, E. (2011) ‘Pest Friends,’ from Snaebjornsdottir/Wilson ed., ''Uncertainty in the City'' (Berlin: The Green Box, 2011) Licence © Erica Fudge; courtesy of Erica Fudge Mugisha, L. ''et al''. (2010) 'Retroviruses in Wild-Born Semi-Captive East African Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)'. ''The Open Veterinary Science Journal'' 4, 6-10 http://www.edoc.rki.de/oa/articles/reVA6hzIHJLw/PDF/201RXP1t4EYQE.pdf Licence © Mugisha et al.; Licensee Bentham Open. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. Seidel, K. B. & Rowell, J. E. (1996) 'Canadian Muskoxen in Central Europe – a Zoo Veterinary Review,’ ''Rangifer ''16:2, 79-85 http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/rangifer/article/view/1200/1140 This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. Capber, F. (2007) 'Veterinary Care of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) at the Otter Breeding Centre of Hunawihr (France)'.''IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull''. 24 (1): 47 - 62 http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Bulletin/Volume24/Georgiev_2007.html Licence ©IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group. This website contains many resources which may be used freely as long as the source is acknowledged. Ferdowsian, H. R. ''et al''. (2011) 'Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees'. ''PLoS One'' 6/6 e19855. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019855. June 16. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019855 Licence © 2011 Ferdowsian et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Lemus JÁ ''et al''. (2008) 'Antibiotics Threaten Wildlife: Circulating Quinolone Residues and Disease in Avian Scavengers'. ''PLoS One'' 3(1): e1444. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001444 January 16. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001444 Licence © 2008 Lemus et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Vázques, B. ''et al''. (2010) 'Screening for Several Potential Pathogens in Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) in Madrid'. ''Acta Vet Scand''. 52(1): 45. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/52/1/45 Licence ©2010 Vázquez et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Wilbert, C. ‘Profit, Plague and Poultry: The Intra-Active Worlds of Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu,’ ''Radical Philosophy'' http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/profit-plague-and-poultry Reproduced with permission of the Editorial Collective of ''Radical Philosophy''. van Dooren, T. (2011) ‘Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions,’ ''Australian Humanities Review'' 50 (2011), 45-60 http://epress.anu.edu.au/ahr/050/pdf/ch03.pdf. Free access, permission to reproduce obtained from author and publisher. Hansen, A. K. ''et al''. (2004) 'Rearing and Caring for a Future Xenograph Donor Pig'. ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'' 45 Suppl.1 S45-S50. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/45/S1/S45 Licence © Hansen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fano, A. ''et al''. 'Of Pigs, Primates, and Plagues: A Layperson’s Guide to the Problems with Animal-to-Human Organ Transplants'. A report by the Medical Research Modernization Committee. Link to report at site of Campaign for Responsible Transplantation: http://www.crt-online.org/mrmc.html . Weller, R. E. (2006) 'Risk of Disease Spread Through Bioterrorism'. ''Veterinaria Italiana'' 42:4 351-367 http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2006/42_4/351.htm Licence © Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’. Publications of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (Istituto G. Caporale) are protected by international copyright law. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link articles to ''Veterinaria Italiana'' full pdf files.

Veterinary science/Introduction

2011-10-25T19:55:52Z

Pw: Unprotected "Veterinary science/Introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science Back to the book]
 
= '''Introduction ''' Erica Fudge and Clare Palmer =

 The water which standeth in the hollowes of Beeches, doth perfectly cure the naughty scurfe and wilde Tetters, or scabs of Men, Horses, Kine, or Sheepe, if they be washed therewithal. ''The Widowes Treasvre'' (1631) The shared physicality of humans and animals -- as suggested by this early modern advice book on animal health -- was widely accepted in the seventeenth century. As historian Louise Hill Curth has noted, in this period ‘Almost all of the procedures that were used for humans were also applied to animals’ (Curth, 2010: 114). Since then, however, human and animal medicine appears to have taken a more dualistic form, with human medical care on one side and animal veterinary care on the other. The establishment of veterinary science as a separate profession, which took place during the nineteenth century, signalled that a very different model of care was -- and should be -- available for humans than for animals. A vet was never a human doctor, and vice versa. But this separation has rarely been more than skin-deep. Taking a close look at contemporary veterinary science, as we do in this living book, shows how difficult it is to maintain this separation. Everywhere humans and animals are entangled: we choose to share our homes with animals; we eat them; they both sicken and cure us. Equally, many animals rely on us for food and health; they invade ‘our’ spaces; they eat our (fleshy and other) waste; they suffer because of our illnesses. Veterinary science is a locus of anxiety about the intertwined nature of human and animal worlds. Whether dealing with pests or parasites that infest our spaces; developing knowledge about the effects of different drugs; increasing productivity; or simply attempting to help a sick or injured animal, animal health practitioners move between human and animal worlds. As the articles we have collected together all reveal in their different ways, it is impossible to maintain a firm divide between human and animal health and wellbeing. Donna Haraway suggests that we live in a world of ‘cat’s cradle games in which those who are to be in the world are constituted in intra- and interaction’ (2008: 4). Veterinary science may be about animals, but it is also -- in a multitude of ways -- about humans: our health, our control, our sense of who we are in the world -- and also, who we are not. This living book is organised into three sections: ‘The Context’; ‘The Practice’; and ‘The Future’. ‘The Practice’ is the central and biggest section, and it is where the bulk of our veterinary papers are located. But ‘The Context’, we hope, will set in motion some of the core issues that underpin what follows. In this first section we start with an essay that traces the troubled emergence and professionalization of veterinary science, an emergence that saw the disvaluing of amateur knowledge -- the kind of hands-on understanding found in our epigraph. Having placed veterinary science in its historical context, the second piece gives an overview of key approaches to contemporary animal ethics, setting the stage for an exploration of why animal health and welfare ''matters''. The three following essays all raise questions about what being ‘healthy’ or ‘sick’ actually means; how it feels for an animal to be sick, afraid, or in pain; and what veterinary practitioners who confront, treat, alleviate and sometimes create such animal pain experience. In raising these questions, the essays all address issues core to veterinary science and to veterinary practice. The central section of the book moves to look at the ''practice ''of veterinary science, to articles dealing with encounters with and treatment of animals. We have grouped these papers into four subsections, which, as they are read, reveal relations with animals that, we suggest, increasingly escape from human control. What begins with apparently orderly separation ends with a recognition that, ultimately, neither control nor separation can be maintained. Human and animal lives are inextricably bound together in terms of our simple shared and creaturely bodies; the human (in)ability to completely restrain either animal (particularly avian) movement or the movement of disease; and in the dependence of humans and animals alike on other living and dead bodies in order to go on living themselves. The first subsection, ‘Agricultural Control,’ includes two veterinary articles dealing with productivity. In both, the involvement of vets in the complete control of animals in some aspects of contemporary agriculture becomes clear. Here ‘livestock’ are not only, or even ''not any more'', bodies: they have become units of production. Indeed, in Velazquez’ study of assisted reproductive technologies in cattle included here, the ''in vivo'' ‘production of embryos by superovulation’ is claimed to have economic merit, because ‘complete herds [can be] transported as frozen embryos’. The idea that a group of frozen embryos can be equated to a herd of cattle shows just how far the idea of animals as individual living, breathing and sentient animals can be discounted in certain forms of modern agriculture. In contrast, the philosopher Bernard Rollin offers an alternative perspective on human relationships with agricultural animals, reintroducing the animal as individual and not just as object. Rollin concludes (linking us back to papers in the ‘Context’ section of this book): ‘In today’s world, the ethical component of animal welfare prescribes that the way we raise and use animals must embody respect and provision for their psychological needs and natures.’ His animals are beings with minds, needs and behaviours of their own, needs and behaviours that they should be given room to express. They are not merely units of production from which we should try to maximize human benefit. The next subsection, ‘Domesticity and Order,’ turns to another set of human-animal relations -- this time in the home. In his 1984 book, ''Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets'', Yi-Fu Tuan argued that ‘Domestication means domination’ (99). Veterinary science, however, reveals things to be rather more complex than this opposition of dominator/dominated implies, and this is something we show in our selection. Here, we chart a movement from absolute compassion for a single injured companion animal (an animal recognised as possessing a mind), through using pets as experimental models, to regarding pets as threats. A short discussion of the veterinary treatment a paraplegic kitten receives reveals how close veterinary and human health care ''could ''be: that injury to animals might be treated with the same persistent care as injury to human beings (although, as the article implies, this is unusual even in the treatment of close companion animals). This closeness emerges in a different context in the next essay, which blurs the boundaries between relations of companionship and relations of utility: it shows that a pet can be given medical care and that animal’s treatment can also contribute to an understanding of animal and human medicine alike. This article emerges out of what’s called the ‘One Medicine -- One Health’ movement, which proposes the bridging of divisions between human and animal health care, something becoming increasingly necessary in the light of the dangers of zoonoses such as avian flu (which we consider in the next subsection). Both of the essays that begin this subsection on domesticity show how important care for companion animals can be. Yet in order to achieve this, as Ducceschi, Green and Miller-Spiegel’s essay shows, there is a paradox: other members of the same companion species (cats and dogs) are ‘harmed and killed’ in the teaching and training of vets. Companion animals can therefore be understood as subjects requiring care, but also as objects of utility. And veterinary concerns are not restricted to questions of care versus utility. For veterinarians also note that domesticity itself can be threatening; that the animals we share our homes with can bring with them hidden dangers. As the final piece in this section shows, these dangers can come in many forms: our companions may bite us, infect us and infest us with parasites. This takes us into the third subsection, which we have titled ‘In Place/Out of Place.’ Here questions of human control of animal spaces are at stake. It’s been persuasively argued that ''where ''animals are is critical to ''what ''we perceive them to be. Chris Philo and Chris Wilbert, for example, argue that the ‘conceptual “othering”’ of animals -- the ‘setting them apart from us in terms of character traits’ -- is absolutely linked to a ‘geographical ‘othering’ (fixing them in worldly places and spaces different from those that we humans tend to occupy)’ (Philo and Wilbert, 2000: 10-11). How we live with animals -- their literal closeness to or distance from us -- has implications for what we take them to mean. We stay in the home at the beginning of this subsection, tracing out different ways of relating to animals that are ‘meant’ to be there and those that are ‘transgressing’. Pests become central. In the first essay rodenticides -- chemicals that kill unwelcome animal residents such as rats and mice -- are shown also to endanger the health of animals we welcome in our homes. In the second, a different -- and non-toxic -- means is used to control animal spaces. Here the categories of pet and pest are deliberately confused. The transgressive nature of a mouse’s behaviour is neutralized by ‘translating vermin into pet, pest into guest’. We then move outside of the domestic environment into other human-built spaces for captive animals: sanctuaries and zoos. In the first essay, the pet trade is shown to be linked to not only the need for animal sanctuaries, but also to the potential spread of viruses that might be transmitted across different communities of one species. The following essays focus on care for transplanted animals in human-created environments, and raise questions about what it means for captive, re-placed wild animals to be well. Can an infertile muskoxen be counted as a healthy animal? Is boredom resulting in excessive masturbation a sign of poor physical condition and welfare in otherwise healthy otters? Do traumatic experiences lead captive chimpanzees to develop syndromes such as depression, [as] the way humans do? The next and final subsection of ‘The Practice,’ titled ‘Entanglements,’ deals with the ways in which human and animal health is intertwined, and can be read as bringing together key issues from the previous three subsections. ‘Entanglements’ focuses on human-bird relations. The first essay shows how the control of animal health through the use of veterinary antibiotics has unintentional and unforeseen consequences beyond the agricultural environment, consequences which threaten a wild vulture species. The second paper considers how feral animals (that is, animals that were once domesticated but over whom we have now lost complete control) have chosen to live -- undesired and uninvited by us -- in public parks and gardens, and thereby potentially threaten our health. These veterinary issues are raised in a different context in the third essay, which traces the economic underpinnings of outbreaks of avian flu. Avian flu exposes the degree to which animal health has social, cultural and political implications for us, illustrating how the circuit of wild birds, domesticated poultry and human beings has become ‘one of the central concerns of global geopolitical-biopolitical medical surveillance of the twenty-first century.’ Finally in this subsection we return to vultures, and explore the ways in which failing to recognise the entanglement of ''agricultural ''veterinary practice with both ''wild ''and ''feral'' animals can threaten social structures critical to human health, for veterinary practices can change animal populations across many contexts in ways we cannot predict. Unpredictability is a key anxiety that can be traced in the three essays with which we conclude this collection in our final section ‘The Future’. Here, the prospect is one in which increasing animal utility gives us both heightened security and heightened vulnerability. In this context, the human/animal dualism that allows us to regard certain animals as simply containers of spare parts collapses. The sharing of organs points to a profound closeness between humans and animals, even as that very understanding brings with it a recognition of danger. This danger comes in the form of new hazards: of disease (transmitted through xenotransplantation) and of bioterrorism (transmitted through the use of biological weapons). The world being outlined here is one of anxiety, for sure, but it is also one that forces us to acknowledge the inescapable nature of human-animal closeness. We hope by the end of this living book (as it exists at this stage of its development) to have shown how veterinary science might help us to see how utterly and inextricably linked human and animal health issues and practices are; how our literal and conceptual categorisations of animals - as agricultural, domestic, wild and feral -- break down in the face of zoonoses that we can never truly control; and how a single animal -- a cat, for example -- can be the subject of compassionate care, an experimental object for veterinary training and a vector of human disease. But we would also like this selection of essays to show how work in the humanities can help to illuminate what underpins veterinary science, and how veterinary science can importantly inform work in the humanities. In this spirit we have, in the subsection focusing on birds and the spread of disease, deliberately placed two veterinary science essays alongside two essays written by humanities scholars. This selection is aimed to exemplify how these relations could work. Here we glimpse not only how inextricably linked animal and human health is but also how, in reading across disciplinary boundaries, other critical problems can be revealed: for instance, these cross-disciplinary readings help us to see the ways in which the movements of animals and diseases can globalise the effects of ‘distant’ extreme human poverty. Work coming out of veterinary science, just as work coming out of the humanities, raises profound questions about ethics, about human and animal natures, about the future worlds we want to see, and about what individuals and species we want to be in it. We hope that this living book, albeit in a small way, will contribute to these discussions. '''References''' Curth, L. Hill (2010) ''The Care of Brute Beasts: A Social and Cultural Study of Veterinary Medicine in Early Modern England''. Leiden: Brill. Haraway, D. (2008) ''When Species Meet''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Philo, C. & Wilbert, C. (2000) ‘Animal Spaces, Beastly Places: An Introduction,’ in Philo, C. & Wilbert, C. (eds) (2000) ''Animal Spaces, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations''. London and New York: Routledge. Tuan, Y.-F. (1984) ''Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets''. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Veterinary science

2011-10-25T19:55:42Z

Pw: Unprotected "Veterinary science"

[[Image:VeterinaryScienceCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|VeterinaryScienceCover1.jpg]]
Animals, Humans and Health

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/bio Erica Fudge and Clare Palmer]
__TOC__

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Introduction '''Introduction''']==
The shared physicality of humans and animals -- as suggested by this early modern advice book on animal health -- was widely accepted in the seventeenth century. As historian Louise Hill Curth has noted, in this period ‘Almost all of the procedures that were used for humans were also applied to animals’ (Curth, 2010: 114). Since then, however, human and animal medicine appears to have taken a more dualistic form, with human medical care on one side and animal veterinary care on the other. The establishment of veterinary science as a separate profession, which took place during the nineteenth century, signalled that a very different model of care was -- and should be -- available for humans than for animals. A vet was never a human doctor, and vice versa. But this separation has rarely been more than skin-deep. Taking a close look at contemporary veterinary science, as we do in this living book, shows how difficult it is to maintain this separation. Everywhere humans and animals are entangled: we choose to share our homes with animals; we eat them; they both sicken and cure us. Equally, many animals rely on us for food and health; they invade ‘our’ spaces; they eat our (fleshy and other) waste; they suffer because of our illnesses. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Introduction (more...)]

== The Context ==
; Abigail Woods and Stephen Matthews : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793141/ “Little, if at all, Removed from the Illiterate Farrier or Cow-leech”: The English Veterinary Surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the Campaign for Veterinary Reform]
; Clare Palmer : [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/PalmerAngloAmericanPhilosophy.pdf Animals in Anglo-American Philosophy]
; Stefan Gunnarsson : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-48-20.pdf The Conceptualisation of Health and Disease in Veterinary Medicine]
; Temple Grandin and Mark Deesing : [http://www.grandin.com/welfare/fear.pain.stress.html Distress in Animals: Is it Fear, Pain, or Physical Stress ]
; John Law : [http://www.heterogeneities.net/publications/Law2008CareAndKilling.pdf Care and Killing: Tensions in Veterinary Practice] image reproduced with permission of Chris Chapman

== The Practice ==
=== a) Agricultural Control ===
; Miguel A. Velazquez : [http://arbs.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/arbs/article/view/96 Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Cattle: Applications in Livestock Production, Biomedical Research and Conservation Policy]
; Stig Einarsson, Ylva Brandt, Nils Lundeheim, and Andrzej Madej : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-50-48.pdf Stress and its Influence on Reproduction in Pigs: A Review]
; Bernard E. Rollin : [http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/1/1/102/pdf Animal Rights as a Mainstream Phenonemon]

=== b) Domesticity and Order ===
; Dipika Kadaba : [http://www.vetscan.co.in/v6n1/82-Rehabilitation-Paraplegic-Kitten-Acute-Depression.htm Rehabilitation of a Paraplegic Kitten with Acute Depression]
; Douglas Thamm and Steven Dow : [http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2009/45_1/111.pdf How Companion Animals Contribute to the Fight Against Cancer in Humans]
; Laura Ducceschi, Nicole Green and Crystal Miller Spiegel : [http://www.altex.ch/resources/ALTEX_4_10_Ducceschi_Green_MillerSpiegel.pdf Dying to Learn: The Supply and Use of Companion Animals in US Colleges and Universities]
; J. K. Kirkwood : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290680/pdf/jrsocmed00178-0035.pdf Animals at Home – Pets as Pests: A Review]

=== c) In Place / Out of Place ===
; Valentina Merola : [http://www.aspcapro.org/search.php?cx=006662374600932631778%3An63yw0tcxlg&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=merola+anticoagulants&sa=Search&siteurl=www.aspcapro.org%2F#442 Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Deadly for Pests, Dangerous for Pets]
; Erica Fudge : [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/PestFriends.pdf Pest Friends]
; Lawrence Mugisha, Claudia Kücherer, Heinz Ellerbrok, Sandra Junglen, John Opuda-Asibo, Olobo O. Joseph, Georg Pauli and Fabian H. Leendertz : [http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tovsj/articles/V004/6TOVSJ.pdf Retroviruses in Wild-Born Semi-Captive East African Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)]
; K.B. Seidel and J.E. Rowell : [http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/rangifer/article/viewFile/1200/1140 Canadian Muskoxen in Central Europe – a Zoo Veterinary Review’]
; Fabrice Capber : [http://iucnosg.org/Bulletin/Volume24/Capber_2007.html Veterinary Care of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) at the Otter Breeding Centre of Hunawihr (France)]
; Hope R. Ferdowsian, Debra L. Durham, Charles Kimwele, Godelieve Kranendonk,, Emily Otali, Timothy Akugizibwe, J. B. Mulcahy, Lilly Ajarova, Cassie Meré Johnson : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019855 Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees]

=== d) Entanglements ===
; Jesús Á Lemus, Guillermo Blanco, Javier Grande, Bernardo Arroyo, Marino Garcia-Montijano, Felix Martinez : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001444;jsessionid=34C1B2E46B5E6CC07653C334C0EE6EAF.ambra02 Antibiotics Threaten Wildlife: Circulating Quinolone Residues and Disease in Avian Scavengers]
; Belén Vázques, Fernando Esperón, Elena Neves, Juan López, Carlos Ballesteros and Jesús Muñoz : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-52-45.pdf Screening for Several Potential Pathogens in Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) in Madrid]
; Chris Wilbert : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/Profit_Plague_Poultry_%20Wilbert.pdf Profit, Plague and Poultry: The Intra-Active Worlds of Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu]
; Thom van Dooren : [http://epress.anu.edu.au/ahr/050/pdf/ch03.pdf Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions]

== The Future ==
; Axel Konerup Hansen, Kristen Dahl and Dorte Bratbo Sørensen : [http://www.actavetscand.com/content/pdf/1751-0147-45-S1-S45.pdf Rearing and Caring for a Future Xenograph Donor Pig]
; Alix Fano, Murry J. Cohen, Marjorie Cramer, Ray Greek, Stephen R. Kaufman : [http://www.mrmcmed.org/pigs.html Of Pigs, Primates, and Plagues: A Layperson’s Guide to the Problems with Animal-to-Human Organ Transplants]
; R. E. Weller : [http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2006/42_4/351.htm Risk of Disease Spread Through Bioterrorism]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Veterinary_science/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/VeterinaryScience.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Surveillance/Introduction

2011-10-25T19:55:27Z

Pw: Unprotected "Surveillance/Introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Ubiquitous_Surveillance Back to the book]

= Ubiquitous Mobile, Persistent Surveillance =

 In 1996 when John Perry Bartlow wrote ''A Cyberspace Independence Declaration'', internet pioneers hoped that the online world Bartlow was describing would come to pass. While Bartlow’s rhetoric was admittedly 'grandiose,' his central claim, that the internet was a place of freedom separate from the limits of the physical world, reflected the utopic atmosphere of the time. The technological revolution, in particular the rise of the digital network, seemed to point to a future 'where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity' (Bartlow, 1996). While not everyone in the late 90s could be characterized as a cyberutopian, the dominant mood harbored a sense that the digital network would bring with it newfound, unregulatable freedoms. Flash forward fifteen years and the present looks significantly different from the one envisioned in the 1990s. Instead of a future of Second Life and virtual worlds, we ended up building one that more closely resembles Minority Report. Advances in technology, an increasingly regulated and monitored digital network, and a general atmosphere of securitization have yielded a world of ubiquitous, if not always visible, surveillance. Consider for a moment how much daily surveillance people are exposed to that would not have been possible fifteen or twenty years ago: 

*> In nearly every place inhabited by people one finds video cameras. In the United Kingdom (one of the most recorded populaces in the world) there is one camera for every twelve people, and the average Londoner is caught on camera hundreds of times a day. Most businesses in the United States have some type of video equipment set to monitor both employees and customers. Public spaces are now recorded, and many of their cameras have a live feed available for remote viewing by anyone with an internet connection. Further, with the growth of mobile computing devices (smart phones) many people now carry video cameras with them everywhere. With the quality of cameras increasing, and their price decreasing, the trend is likely to continue, with little of our daily lives not being recorded by some video device. 
*> Data mining is in. Our online activities are also increasingly monitored, which produces extensive data trails. Corporations wish to monitor every website people visit in order to more effectively market and advertise their products and services, while governments move towards gaining the power to wiretap nearly all internet traffic. Search engines record the history of submissions, painting a detailed picture of a user’s life, while social networking sites get users to record and publicize their offline lives. In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, government-backed surveillance projects such as ECHELON are reportedly capable of intercepting all forms of data traffic, from faxes and telephone calls to email and internet traffic. 
*> As if the records of our daily lives were not enough, most of this information is being recorded and stored in massive databases. While science has entered the era of big data, public policy researchers are also now realizing the power of massive data collections. Demographic data of nearly every part of our daily lives is recorded and stored for analysis. This data is used not only to surveil existing populaces, but to help predict trends and future developments, monitoring the future before it even happens. And while this type of research offers serious rewards—for example, helping to curb the spread of disease—it also brings with it serious new social concerns. 

It might seem odd to include the concept of 'surveillance' within a book series about life, but one claim I would like to advance as part of this collection is the idea that one cannot consider life without also considering the data that life produces. Indeed, in this contemporary data age, the definition of life is intimately tied up with the ability to produce data. I would argue that life is now defined by the ability to produce data. The way one testifies to being alive, testifies to life, is through the production of data, from the very literal data produced by health monitoring (EKG meters, pulse, cholesterol level) to the constant stream of life data that is produced and shared online (disappearing from Facebook for a few days often elicits questions such as 'Are you still alive?'). If something is not online it probably does not exist ('Can you Google it?'). If you lack a data trail you might have a body, but you do not count as being alive ('I am sorry; I can’t help you. I don’t have a record of you in our system'). Within the humanities when thinking through the complex problems raised by the digital network and ubiquitous surveillance one of the first places theorists turn is to Foucault’s analysis of Bentham’s panopticon, the prison that makes its inhabitants feel as if they are always being monitored, to the extent that they begin to self-monitor and remove the need for heavy discipline and punishment. Foucault argues that discipline and punishment becomes internalized when surveillance is a constant possibility, and the ever-present citizen surveillance of our current age seems easy to fit into his model. Indeed, in much of the theorization of modern-day surveillance, the information age is often referred as the age of the always-on-panopticon, and Foucault is accordingly the beginning and end point of these discussions. But there is a disconnect between this type of approach to understanding surveillance and what is actually occurring within the research fields. As these collected articles demonstrate the surveillance system being constructed far exceeds the panopticon, producing a social space not so easily mapped onto the one Foucault imagines. As Siva Vaidhyanathan has argued, the panopticon is perhaps a theory not so easily applied to the current state of affairs. While the panopticon works precisely on the condition that you know you are being watched and thus alter your behavior, contemporary surveillance often operates on the condition that you do not know you are being watched. It is our lack of awareness of the extent to which we are surveilled that often serves as one of the strengths of the system. Web monitoring, cameras and data collection all work by recording and analyzing 'natural' behavior. The more one acts as if one is not being monitored, the more useful the data is. Sure, people generally know that information that they post online is observable by a wide range of individuals, but few are aware of the extent to which their lives are monitored, observed, and subsequently controlled outside of the arena of social networking. A close reading of these articles shows how researchers are busy constructing (often consciously) a ubiquitous surveillance system, one which operates far beyond any awareness of the individuals being monitored. In fact, an individual's choice to not post information online might provide merely a false sense of privacy, since whether you share or not, your life has been recorded. However, if Foucault’s panopticon is right about one aspect of our contemporary lives, it is in the conception that the real power is not with Big Brother, but rather distributed throughout the social space. In Foucault’s account the state observes people and thereby produces altered behavior, but also, importantly, a common sense of correct behavior develops, and individuals alter their behavior as well in the name of social conformity. In this sense, Big Brother is not the government—rather, Big Brother is us. The ease with which we can monitor each other and self-monitor our behavior accordingly resembles this particular aspect of Foucault’s panopticon on steroids. There is much to be said about our surveillance society, and perspectives from a range of disciplines and foci are crucial to understanding this phenomenon. It would be impossible to adequately cover this whole field in an edited collection, even one not necessarily limited by print production. Hence I have chosen to group this collection into four sections, each dealing with one specific area of surveillance. In many cases the articles, in keeping with the turn in science to 'big data', are heavy on math, analyzing large data sets. But in each case the particulars of the math are not as important as the overall picture the research paints. Engaging the nuances of the calculus involved is not required for understanding the general theme of the articles (to be honest, in many cases I do not understand all the math being used). Understanding the contours, direction, and possibilities of this type of research, though, is important. In the section and article summaries below, I have tried to highlight what I see as the important issues in each. Surprisingly, few of the pieces recognize a problem with the technologies or policies being developed. While a few mention in passing privacy concerns, many do not, and fewer still (even in the legal section) recognize how technological advancements are bringing about massive disruptions in the way we conceive of public and private realms. Yet, none of the articles seem to recognize the complexity of the problem. A new equilibrium between public and private is likely to require re-negotiation through legal, technical, and cultural means—no single means being sufficient. However, the first step in any such re-negotiation is understanding the depth and contours of the problem. I offer the following collection of articles as one step in understanding our contemporary predicament. So, read on, and try not to get too paranoid. ''Note: There are actually two tables of contents for this book. The first is a standard (able-to-be-printed) one, and the [http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/surveillance/ second is an interactive map containing article summaries], which is geo-located with surveillance cameras.'' 

 '''Knowing Everything: Data Mining ''' The first of the sections looks not only at the degree to which data is now being mined, but also at what can be done once that data is harvested. In 'All Liaisons are Dangerous When All Your Friends are Known to Us,' Daniel Gayo-Avello demonstrates the ease with which private information about an individual can be gleaned, not from things they write, post, or share, but rather by simply looking at the contours of an individual’s network connections. Perhaps the most publicized example of this type of analysis was 'Project Gaydar,' a software program created by MIT graduate students that scanned individuals friends and lists and was able to determine through association an individual’s sexual preference, irrespective of whether or not said individual indicated it as part of his/her profile or public discourse.  In his study, Daniel Gayo-Avello shows how, relying on the principle of homophily and analyzing relationships, in this case on Twitter, one can determine sex, age, religious or political affiliation, race or ethnicity, and sexual orientation of a given individual with a relatively high degree of precision. This is particularly troubling, as Gayo-Avello points out, because each of these categories represents a class of information individuals might want to protect for fear of discrimination. While previously researchers had demonstrated the possibility of determining information about particular individuals via their relationships, Gayo-Avello tests a new algorithm which demonstrates the ability to precisely garner information while knowing information about only 1% of users. In other words, while you and your friends might keep information guarded and secret, data miners only need to know information about 1% of users to infer information about the remaining 99%. This type of surveillance or threat to privacy is particularly nefarious, for it exploits the very thing that makes social networks useful socialization tools. The more an individual connects, the more it is possible to glean information about that individual. Once connections are known information is also known, and hiding connections is not a viable choice as the publicness of these connections is what creates their usefulness. While in the end the algorithm Gayo-Avello develops works with greater or lesser precision depending on the category, the key here, as he points out, is not the efficiency, precision, or accuracy of the algorithm but rather the realization that these types of data analysis will become increasingly more efficient, precise, and accurate. While Gayo-Avello gives us a way to discover undisclosed information about individuals by analyzing their network of friends, the authors of 'Googling Social Interactions: Web Search Engine Based Social Network Construction' develop a way to discover who your friends are, even if explicit links on social networking sites have not been constructed. As the authors outline in their abstract, 'the exploding amount of automatically generated data has completely changed the pattern of research' (Lee et al, 2010: 1). By leveraging the large amounts of data already generated, a wide range of fields are able to conduct research previously not possible, with very little investment. Often, it is no longer necessary to conduct experiments in order to generate data for analysis; instead, one need only analyze existing data sets. While this type of data analysis can lead to many positive social outcomes (see the third section on health, for instance), the implications for privacy and surveillance are, to understate the case, significant. In this particular instance, the authors demonstrate how it is possible simply by analyzing Google to discover and map social connections. In short, Google knows who your friends and rivals are, and knows the size and range of your social network, without any individual explicitly creating links. To demonstrate how this works, the researchers in this paper focus on the 109th Senate of the United States, and by leveraging Google search results are able to map the social network of these individuals. Several things are worth noting here. First, as already mentioned, this type of research did not require the generation of any new data; that is, individuals were not questioned or surveilled in order to create the social network maps, because the researchers relied on the 'tremendous amount of data which can be useful' that was already in existence (Lee et al, 2010: 9). Second, this type of research is incredibly cheap. Third, although some of the initial conclusions seem rather obvious—Democrats are more closely related to each other than to Republicans (and vice-versa)—by repurposing the data new patterns and interactions develop. For example, by adding in another layer to the data, the researchers were able to not only map social interactions between Senators, but also between corporations and the Senators. Fourth, this type of analysis is dynamic. That is, not only can one look at the social graph at any particular moment, but it is also possible to look at the change in the social graph over time. And finally, and perhaps most importantly: this is not just about political figures. While it might seem (indeed I would argue it is) civically useful for citizens to have access to this type of data analysis, the researchers just chose the Senators as a representative sample. In the future, as more data is produced and analyzation techniques continue to improve, it will be possible to perform this type of social graph analysis for any group of individuals, not just prominent public figures; everything from workplace surveillance (determining which employees are the most connected) to neighborhood social graphs (determining which individuals are closest friends). It will become possible to generate graphs for any individual, showing his or her change in friendships over time, in addition to his or her relationships to corporate and public institutions (i.e. I used to be more connected to Walmart, but now I am more of a Target person). One of the primary challenges for those seeking to analyze data is not the collection of data, but rather the reverse, that too much data has been collected. Traditionally, data has been useful only after it has been collected—that is, the data is generated and stored, and only once stored is it then analyzed for knowledge. But due to the high volume of data being generated now, as Kholghi and Keybanpour point out, it is 'impossible to store an entire data stream or scan through it multiple times' (2011: 2508). As a result, researchers are looking for a way to analyze the data as it is being generated, which would prove to be a far more powerful method of surveillance. In their article, Khloghi and Keyvanpour look at a range of approaches to solving this problem for researchers. Whether or not their particular analytic framework is adopted is in the end far less significant than the future towards which they point. Although recent political discussions (especially in Europe and the United States) have begun to express concern with the level of data mining taking place, we are only at the tip of the proverbial iceberg of data, analyzing only a small subset of all the data being produced. Ultimately engineers will figure out a way to analyze the data as it is being generated, exponentially multiplying the range and power of surveillance, whether by private companies or government agencies. As with many of the articles in this collection, Kholghi and Keyvanpour express little concern over the social implications and challenges to such data analysis, instead treating this as merely a technical problem in search of a technical solution. In the interest of saving the most disturbing article for last, 'A Survey of Deep Packet Inspection for Intrusion Detection System' analyzes systems which monitor not only network traffic, but the contents of packets shipped on the network. If you think of the internet as a mail system (an admittedly imperfect analogy), and the information sent via the internet as closed envelopes with data inside, currently it is rather easy to read information on the outside of the envelope (the address, the return address, etc.), but more difficult to read what is inside the envelope (the contents—you would have to steam open the envelope, for example). Deep packet inspection allows network monitors to not only read the packet information (what is on the outside of the envelope) but to monitor its contents (what is on the inside). At the most nefarious level, deep packet inspection would not only allow for robust filtering, but enable a network intermediary to alter the contents of the packet and deliver it without the recipient becoming aware of any change. Deep packet inspection is currently limited, for it requires resource intensive computing, both on the hardware and software sides. In this article, the authors outline the 'challenges and goals' to developing deep packet inspection (AbuHmed et al, 2008: 1). Tellingly, deep packet inspection is treated as a positive (no negative consequences are mentioned), as the authors highlight the ways deep packet inspection can be used for network security (for example filtering spam), with no recognition that these techniques pose a serious risk. Deep packet inspection is treated both as an inevitability and a technical problem to be overcome through faster computers and better algorithms. However, it is because of the power of this type of inspection that many internet advocacy organizations have cautioned against developing and implementing these types of technologies. Deep packet inspection would enable private or government intermediaries to not only monitor but regulate internet traffic. Not surprisingly, one of the most famous cases of deep packet inspection is its use by the Iranian government during the 2008 uprisings. Using technology purchased from Siemens and Nokia, the Iranian government used deep packet inspection to block and monitor certain kinds of traffic. At the time this technology was relatively new and thus its implementation was limited by the available hardware and software, but as this article demonstrates, those limits are soon to be overcome, making possible a new level of surveillance of internet traffic.  '''Somebody is Watching You: Cameras Everywhere''' Often the most invoked image of the modern surveillance society is the camera: eyes watching everywhere. As the authors demonstrate in 'Motion Pattern Extraction and Event Detection for Automatic Visual Surveillance,' video-based surveillance will soon be far more powerful. Currently, the limiting factor in video surveillance is the human component. That is, regardless of how many cameras one places for surveillance someone still needs to look at all the footage to ascertain its significance. Despite all of the CCTVs in London, someone still has to view all of the recorded footage, or view all of the cameras live, and a viewer can only watch so much footage or monitor so many cameras at once (a fact the UK tried to account for by encouraging citizens to watch CCTV footage at home, turning the populance into a crowd-sourced group of video monitors). But, researchers are working to remove this limitation using computer algorithms to process and monitor video footage as it is recorded. These automated surveillance systems are designed to 'integrate real-time and efficient computer vision algorithms in order to assist human operators' (Benabbas et al, 2011: 1). In this article, the authors outline an algorithm which can analyze video surveillance footage to determine six different crowd-related events: walking, running, splitting, merging, local dispersion, and evacuation. While still in its infancy, this type of computer-aided analysis already proves to be particularly accurate in analyzing a range of crowd behaviors. By focusing on 'groups of people rather than individuals' the algorithms are able to detect and predict the pre-targeted events (Benabbas et al, 2011: 6). This type of surveillance is then applied to a range of scenarios, including urban populations with cars and people, and low and high density areas. As the authors point out, future research is likely to improve results and performance of this method. Most importantly, however, in the closing sections of this article, the authors point towards the desired future in which computer aided systems will be able to track 'single persons and [detect] abnormal behaviors' (Benabbas et al, 2011: 14). The second article in this section, 'A Logic Programming Approach to Behavior Recognition,' describes one of the particular paths to developing a computer surveillance systems which can detect and recognize individual human behavior (as opposed to large group analysis). The goal for these researchers was to use an automated system not to detect short term behaviors, but rather to detect long term ones (a far more difficult task). By using the computer to detect chains of short-term behaviors these researchers were able to have a computer detect long-term ones with some success. The system works by detecting 'short term behaviors that, if satisfied, lead to the recognition of long term ones' (Artikis & Paliouras, 2009: 1). It is worth recognizing, with regard to this article, that the technique the researchers used, called Event Calculus, allows for computer-based reasoning about events over time rather than a static state. In other words, the computer using the algorithm is not limited to static images but can analyze and 'reason' about changes in images over time. If the authors of this article are correct, their techniques point the direction to an efficient way for computers to monitor, in real time, video footage for specific events. The goal is ultimately to 'teach' the computer a series of short term behaviors which it could then use to predict more complicated ones, making behavioral surveillance possible. This would enable extensive automation of surveillance footage: computers could analyze a data stream and alert a human user to focus on a given camera when an event threshold is reached. One tenet of technological development is that what is initially expensive and available only to governments and large institutions soon becomes widely available for personal use. In 'GPRS Video Streaming Surveillance,' Pushpavathi, Selvarani and Kumar describe a system based on existing technologies for personal video surveillance. The authors demonstrate a system which, by leveraging already widely available technologies, would produce high quality images yet meet low bandwidth requirements, making it possible to view surveillance footage via a 'mobile phone from a remote location' (2010: 40). The system as designed is presented through a simple interface so that 'people can use it with the utmost ease' (40). As with other articles in this collection the particulars of the researchers’ claims are not as important as the general direction that this research represents: in this case, making surveillance ubiquitously and easily available. Imagine being able to tune into surveillance cameras placed at your home while you are away from your house by simply pulling out your mobile device, even if you are in a low bandwidth area, and receive text message updates about possible intrusions. But unlike many of the other authors in this collection, Pushpavathi, Selvarani and Kumar recognize the dual nature of this technology which not only provides 'powerful opportunities for increased independence and a higher quality of living for inhabitants . . .they also pose threats, regarding security problems' (40). Not only will governments and large institutions posses the technology of surveillance (Big Brother is watching) but individuals will be monitoring as well (everybody is watching everybody). Again, saving the most disturbing article until last, the authors of 'SwarMAV: A Swarm of Miniature Aerial Vehicles' describe their research into building not just surveillance cameras, but cameras attached to tiny aerial vehicles: vehicles which can coordinate with each other and operate semi-autonomously. In the future, robotic insects will have cameras and they will be recording your every move. As the authors indicate, a swarm of tiny flying cameras posses several advantages (or disadvantages, depending on your take). These unmanned flying cameras would be multiple, thus offering a high level of overlap. If one camera fails, there will be others in the area also capturing the same footage. Further, a swarm of cameras could exchange information with one another and coordinate to monitor dynamic situations in a way that individual and fixed cameras cannot. It is clear from this article that much in terms of the technology needs to be developed. However, as micro electronics, cluster computing, and robotics develop further, this technology, like all the others mentioned in the collection, will only improve.  '''Monitoring Bodies: Surveilling Health''' It is not surprising that the researchers focusing on using surveillance to produce social good are also the ones who recognize the drawbacks and substantial concerns associated with creating a ubiquitous monitoring. Perhaps nowhere is this problem as heavily discussed as it is within the public health field, where increased surveillance could help to better understand disease, more efficiently allocate resources, and monitor epidemics, but where individuals' privacy is also a primary concern. In 'Should Data from Demographic Surveillance Systems Be Made More Widely Available to Researchers', the authors point out the limits to sharing health surveillance data. The limits that these researchers highlight are not primarily concerned with privacy. Rather, technical or financial limitations are noted, along with the lack of coordination between organizations. These authors argue that given the correct circumstances, researchers are more than willing to share data without concern for organizational or institutional ownership. The authors call for a wider sharing of public health data amongst organizations. But as this data becomes more widely available and easily distributed, concerns over exploitation will also increase. The Group Insurance Commission in Massachusetts serves as a cautionary tale: after publishing anonymized data about claims, researchers at MIT were able to re-identify patients, linking medical histories to particular individuals, famously retrieving the medical records of then Governor William Weld. The second article in this section, 'Web GIS and Public Health' looks concretely at sharing one of the types of public health data: geospatial data. As the authors point out, geospatial data 'provides new opportunities to advance disease surveillance, control, and prevention, and insure public access and community empowerment in public health' (Najafabadi & Pourhassan, 2010: 1). But as the authors quickly caution, geospatial data is particularly sensitive and its usefulness also makes it a particularly rich target for exploitation. Even if the data is anonymized to obscure the exact location and only provide a general identifier such as a zip code, the risk of de-anonymization is high. Coupled with gender and date of birth, a zip code can be used to uniquely identify 87% of the US population. But this does not mean that geospatial health data should not be collected, for as the authors argue, it can be uniquely powerful in preventing disease outbreak and empowering local communities. What is more, for the most part this type of data has already been recorded and stored for use; it is simply a matter of choosing how and under what circumstances to make it available. Whereas the first two articles in this section focus on the general ethical concerns facing health surveillance and data collection, the third article in this section brings the controversy surrounding health surveillance into stark focus. In 'Conducting Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveillance in Developing Countries: Ethical, Epidemiological, and Public Health Concerns,' the authors demonstrate the complexity of ethical concerns facing public health officials dealing with HIV surveillance. The essential question is: to what degree does the need for 'population-level surveillance' override the concern for individual patients? As the authors note, doctors have typically erred on the side of individual privacy, but with new epidemics concerns have to be reconsidered (Rennie et al, 2009: 32). Specifically, the researchers are interested in looking at how even Unlinked Anonymous Testing (UAT), despite its anonymous and unlinked nature, is still fraught with ethical concerns. In many cases, the way that the UAT is conducted violates the ethical spirit behind UAT. In some cases UAT was performed without patients' consent or in a manner that allows the test subject to be easily identified. Indeed, only 28% of the programs analyzed were found adequate in terms of collecting and protecting the data. Ultimately, health workers face an unsolvable conundrum: Only fuzzy data is safe. Fuzzy data is useless. In November of 2008, Google launched Google Flu Trends, an attempt to use data generated from search terms submitted to Google to predict Flu outbreaks. The connection here is rather simple: as people begin to show flu-like symptoms they are likely to submit those symptoms as search terms to Google, allowing Google to monitor spikes in certain flu-related search terms. While the accuracy of Google Flu Trends is still up for debate (does it not match CDC data because it is wrong, or because its data is better than the CDC?), the concept nevertheless serves as a jumping off point for other researchers. In the final article in this section, the authors of 'Using Web Search Query Data to Monitor Dengue Epidemics: A New Model for Neglected Tropical Disease Surveillance,' demonstrate how internet search queries could serve as possible sources of data for the 'early detection and monitoring' of dengue epidemics. It is often difficult to collect data on disease outbreaks, either because of lack of infrastructure for accurate collection or because it is difficult to get individuals to self-report. As a result, researchers are looking to other internet-generated data to serve as possible predictors. In this case, the authors used only search terms submitted to Google in an attempt to predict dengue outbreaks in a range of countries: Bolivia, Brazil, India, Indonesia and Singapore. By refining the algorithm and removing noisy data, the authors were able to use Google to accurately predict dengue outbreaks. As they note in the closing paragraphs, despite its usefulness, such a surveillance technique raises privacy concerns. This is a greater concern than the researchers seem to indicate, however, as one realizes that as with many other areas, the de-anonymization of data is going to become increasingly simple, especially as attempts to gain even more powerful tools for passive surveillance branch out beyond merely monitoring Google to monitoring a range of web activity (private emails, Twitter messages, Facebook Posts, web traffic, etc.)  '''Judging Privacy: Legal Issues'''  The final section of this book moves away from articles produced in the scientific community and looks at how advances in surveillance technology are being discussed in the legal field. The now ubiquitous distribution of surveillance technology, coupled with the rise of digital networks and social media, means that the courts are having to determine a wide range of developing privacy concerns. How much data is the government allowed to collect and store on any individual without a subpoena? What type of internet traffic is the government allowed to monitor? Is wiretapping the internet the same as wiretapping phones, or does it require a different legal framework? And what of corporations? Should there be limits on how much information corporations can collect on individuals? What limits should be placed on what corporations do with data once they have collected it? The legal questions surrounding the evolving technology landscape are legion. Any discussion of these legal questions necessarily begins with Warren and Brandeis’s famous article, 'The Right to Privacy.' Written in 1890, this article deals with a prior moment of technological transition. Largely responding to the rise in newspaper publications and photography, Warren and Brandeis were concerned that technologies now enabled privacy to be breached in new ways. 'Instantaneous photographs and newspaper enterprise have invaded the sacred precincts of private and domestic life,' such that the technological transition requires the court to 'define anew the exact nature and extent' of the protection the government provides to the rights of its citizens. Thus they argue that despite the lack of an explicit right-to-privacy guarantee in the U.S. Constitution, the courts should recognize that many of the rights enumerated in the Constitution are in effect designed to guarantee privacy, and that given technological advances, it is important for the health of the citizens and the society to directly recognize this right. While clearly focused on an earlier technological shift, there are two important reasons to consider this article anew: one, the Brandeis and Warren article serves as a beginning point in legal discussions about privacy; and two, their approach, that technological transitions require a rethinking of legal values, is one that scholars today ought to consider. Daniel Solove has become one of the leading legal voices arguing for the need to reconsider privacy in the surveillance soceity. In this article, 'Data Mining and the Security-Liberty Debate,' Solove argues that in a post 9-11 world, civil liberties are often traded for security. Although Solove recognizes the need for balance, he argues that 'there are systematic problems with how the balancing occurs that inflate the importance of the security interests and diminish the value of the liberty interests' (2008: 345). Accordingly, Solove looks at the range of arguments invoked in the name of security and systematically demonstrates how the legal debate does not often correctly consider all of the tradeoffs. All too often, he argues, the courts now submit to the executive branch when it comes to privacy, accepting 'security' arguments. As Solove is keen to point out, privacy is not merely an individual good, but a social one as well. That is, ubiquitous surveillance not only is a threat to individual liberty but to the social sphere as well, and courts would do well to recognize this. Despite the seductive powers of data mining, we should be careful to not allow the government too wide a purview in using or collecting all the available data. In the third article in this section, Omer Tene takes up the legal questions surrounding one of the most powerful internet corporations: Google. In 'What Google Knows: Privacy and Internet Search Engines,' Tene argues that despite Google’s unofficial policy of 'Do No Evil,' there are substantial reasons for concern, and that Google is evolving into a company with a reputation as a 'privacy menace' (2007: 4) The concerns here are obviously warranted. Search queries alone represent a startlingly rich cache of information on any particular individual. Few would want their full (or even partial) search histories publicly revealed. What is more, search is just the beginning of all the information Google has on any particular individual: email, calendars, social networking, videos, documents, and maps represent just some of the information Google stores on us. As Tene argues, in a similar manner to Warren and Brandeis, the technology has changed the legal calculus. While in prior moments this type of information might have 'been in the public sphere, it was protected de facto from all but skilled investigators or highly motivated researchers' (2007: 7). The internet, broadly speaking, and Google specifically have changed what used to be by-default private into something that is now by-default public. One has to actively work to protect privacy. Because we are, as many have pointed out, not Google’s customers, but rather their product (we are what they sell to advertisers), new types of legal protections will need to be developed. Tene outlines many of the concerns around Google, and by extension many other internet services, and in the end readers realize that right now there are very few legal solutions to the precarious situation in which we currently find ourselves. The final essay in the legal section takes up what the author Paul Ohm considers to be the greatest threat to privacy on the internet: The Internet Service Providers. In 'The Rise and Fall of Invasive ISP Surveillance,' Ohm argues that while ISPs have for the most part respected user privacy, in the near future we are likely to see this change, because corporations and governments see them as a way to surveil the internet, whether for security or profit motives. Thus the need for legal intervention to 'distinguish between an ISP’s legitimate needs and mere desires' is greater than ever. As the carriers of digital information, ISPs are in a unique position to monitor all of our communications. Situating his discussion within the history of privacy law, Ohm demonstrates that existing law, for example legislation covering wiretapping, cannot address the particular concerns associated with ISPs. And although he recognizes the social harms in allowing pervasive surveillance, Ohm insists that the harms to individual liberty alone warrant legal intervention, and should serve as a guiding force in crafting new legislation. While in the early days of the internet, surveillance technology was simply not powerful enough to monitor all its traffic and thus was necessarily limited, advancements have meant that surveillance can now be both automated and targeted in a way to allow widespread monitoring of internet traffic and content. Thus according to Ohm, 'at least in the near term, ISPs will continue to have the advantage . . .a technological constraint that used to protect privacy has since evaporated' (2008: 15). In the end, Ohm proposes several solutions, a multifaceted pragmatic approach to protecting privacy and legislating against pervasive ISP surveillance. Disturbingly, though, his solutions seem not only unlikely to be adopted, but also not wholly up to the task. They are inadequate not for lack of legislative rigor, but because it seems that the problems they address are beyond the ability of the legal system to solve; they will require more than just national legal solutions. In the end any solution to the surveillance problem will require international legal frameworks in addition to technological and cultural interventions. '''Appendix: How It Works'''  In the appendix I have included (via link, because all four works are copyrighted and thus not able to be included within this book) other articles and videos that may be of interest to readers of this collection. ''The Wall Street Journal’s'' series of articles on data mining does a thorough job of explaining the process by which corporations monitor internet traffic. The articles and accompanying video not only illustrate the use of third party cookies but demonstrate how one particular company uses them. A complementary video presentation by Ted Morgan explains how Skyhook location service tracks users' mobile devices. While in the video Morgan is mostly championing this technology as useful to consumers and corporations, it becomes pretty clear during his talk that not only is locative data becoming increasingly prevalent and powerful, but it also poses some serious privacy concerns. Finally, I have linked to two full-length films available online. These two films explain the two sides of surveillance. In the first, ''Erasing David'', filmmaker David Bond demonstrates the wealth of information that corporations and the government have collected about him. Bond's film invokes a 'man on the run' plot: he tries to avoid private investigators he has hired to attempt to find out everything about him. The ability of others to reconstruct his life with the data trails he leaves, as well as the expert interviews, are as enlightening as they are disturbing. Finally, the film ''We Live in Public'' appears to be about internet pioneer Josh Harris, but ultimately turns into a film about the interpersonal implications of living in a society where everyone is constantly surveilling everyone else. In the end, the film suggests that the most dangerous surveillance comes not from the government or corporations but from what we willingly accept as part of our social interactions.
 
'''References'''
 
Abelson, H. Ledeen, K. Lewis, H. (2008) ''Blown to Bits''. Boston: Addison-Wesley .
 
Foucault, M. (1995) ''Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.'' New York:Vintage.
 
Vaidhyanathan, S. (2008) [http://chronicle.com/article/Naked-in-the-Nonopticon-/6197 "Naked in the 'Nonopticon'"] The Chronicle of Higher Education online, Feb. 15.

Surveillance/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:55:12Z

Pw: Unprotected "Surveillance/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Ubiquitous_Surveillance Back to the book]
 
AbuHmed, T. Mohaisen, A. Nyang, D. (2008). 'A Survey on Deep Packet Inspection for Intrusion Detection Systems,' ''arXiv''. 0803.0037, 3, 2008. [http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.0037v1 http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.0037v1] 
Licence: © 2010 AbuHmed et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Artikis, A. Paliouras, G. (2009) 'A Logic Programming Approach to Behaviour Recognition,' ''arXiv''. 0905.4614. 5, 2009. [http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.4614v1 http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.4614v1] 
Licence: © 2009 Artikis et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Benabbas, Y., Ihaddadene, N. and Djeraba, C.(2011) 'Motion Pattern Extraction and Event Detection for Automatic Visual Surveillance,' ''EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing'', Article ID 163682, 4. [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ivp/2011/163682/ doi:10.1155/2011/163682] 
Licence: © 2011 Benabbas et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Chan, E.H., Sahai, V., Conrad, C., Brownstein, J.S., (2011) 'Using Web Search Query Data to Monitor Dengue Epidemics: A New Model for Neglected Tropical Disease Surveillance.' ''PLoS'' ''Negl Trop Dis'' 5(5): e1206. [http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206] 
Licence: © 2011 Chan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Chandramohan D, Shibuya K, Setel P, Cairncross S, Lopez AD, et al. (2008) 'Should Data from Demographic Surveillance Systems Be Made More Widely Available to Researchers?' ''PLoS Med'' 5(2): e57. [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050057 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050057] 
Licence: © 2008 Chandramohan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
De Nardi, R. Holland, O. (2007). 'SwarMav: A Swarm of Miniature Aerial Vehicles.' Conference Presentation. ''Cogprints''. 5569. 5, 2007. [http://cogprints.org/5569/ http://cogprints.org/5569/] 
Licence: © 2007 De Nardi et al. Made available here via a link to the author's self-archived copy in the Cogprints repository. 
Gayo-Avello, D. (2010). 'All Liaisons are Dangerous When all Your Friends are Known To Us.' ''eprint arXiv.org''. 1012.5913, 12, 2010. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5913 http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5913] 
Licence: © 2010 Gayo-Avello. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Kholghi, M. Keyvanpour, M. (2011). 'An analytical framework for data stream mining techniques based on challenges and requirements.' ''arXiv''. 1105.1950, 5, 2011. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.1950 http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.1950] 
Licence: © 2011 Khoglhi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Lee SH, Kim P-J, Ahn Y-Y, Jeong H, (2010). 'Googling Social Interactions: Web Search Engine Based Social Network Construction.' ''PLoS ONE'' 5(7): e11233. 3, 2010. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011233 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011233] 
Licence: © 2010 Lee et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Najafabadi, AT. Pourhassan, M. (2010) 'Web GIS and Public Health Data.' ''Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences''. ''Cogprints''. 6972. 9, 2010. [http://cogprints.org/6972/ http://cogprints.org/6972/] 
Licence: © 2010 Najafabadi et. al. 'Made available here via a link to the author's self-archived copy in the Cogprints repository. 
Ohm, Paul, (2008) 'The Rise and Fall of Invasive ISP Surveillance' (August 30, 2008). ''University of Illinois Law Review'', 2009; U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-22. Available at SSRN: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1261344 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1261344] 
Licence: © 2008 Ohm. Made available here via a link to the author's self-archived copy in the SSRN repository. 
Pushpavathi, T.P., Selvarani, T.P., Shahsi, R. & Kumar, N.R. (2010). 'GPRS video Streaming Surveillance System GVSS,' ''arXiv'' 1002.3011. 2, 2010. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.3011v1 http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.3011v1] 
Licence: © 2010 Pushpavathi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Rennie, S., Turner, A.N., Mupenda, B., Behets, F., (2009) 'Conducting Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveillance in Developing Countries: Ethical, Epidemiological, and Public Health Concerns.' ''PLoS Med'' 6(1): e1000004. [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000004 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000004] 
Licence: © 2009. Rennie et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Solove, D. J., (2008) 'Data Mining and the Security-Liberty Debate.' ''University of Chicago Law Review'' 74, p. 343; GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 278. Available at SSRN: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=990030 http://ssrn.com/abstract=990030] 
Licence: © 2008 Solove. Made available here via a link to the author's self-archived copy in the SSRN repository. 
Tene, O. (2007) 'What Google Knows: Privacy and Internet Search Engines,' Published online in draft form October 1; finally published in ''Utah Law Review'' 2008 (4). Available at SSRN: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1021490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1021490] 
Licence: © 2007 Tene. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Warren, S. Brandeis, L. (1890). 'The Right to Privacy' ''Harvard Law Review'' IV (5). 12, 1890;[http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy_brand_warr2.html] 
License: In the public domain. 
'''In the Appendix''' 
Bond, D. (2009)''Erasing David''. Available online at: http://erasingdavid.com/ Morgan, T. (2010) 'Location Makes Mobile Mobile,' Momo Amsterdam Talk 1. Available online at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIJyWi9YsYU Steel, E. (2010) "A Web Pioneer Profiles Users by Name." & 'Cracking the Code.' ''Wall Street Journal''. October 25. Available online at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304410504575560243259416072.html and http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_RAPLEAF_20101018.html Timoner, O. (2009) ''We Live in Public''. Available online at: http://www.hulu.com/watch/192218/we-live-in-public

Ubiquitous Surveillance

2011-10-25T19:54:56Z

Pw: Unprotected "Ubiquitous Surveillance"

[[Image:SurveillanceCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|SurveillanceCover1.jpg]]

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Ubiquitous_Surveillance/bio David Parry]
__TOC__

=== [http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/surveillance/ Alternative (Geo-location) Table of Contents] ===

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Introduction Introduction: Ubiquitous Mobile Persistent Surveillance] ==

In 1996 when John Perry Bartlow wrote ''A Cyberspace Independence Declaration'', internet pioneers hoped that the online world Bartlow was describing would come to pass. While Bartlow’s rhetoric was admittedly 'grandiose,' his central claim, that the internet was a place of freedom separate from the limits of the physical world, reflected the utopic atmosphere of the time. The technological revolution, in particular the rise of the digital network, seemed to point to a future 'where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity' (Bartlow, 1996). While not everyone in the late 90s could be characterized as a cyberutopian, the dominant mood harbored a sense that the digital network would bring with it newfound, unregulatable freedoms. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Introduction (more...)]

== Knowing Everything: Data Mining ==

;Daniel Gayo-Avello 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.5913v1 All Liaisons are Dangerous When All Your Friends Are Known to Us]
;Sang Hoon Lee 
:[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011233 Googling Social Interactions: Web Search Engine Based Social Network Construction]
;Mahnoosh Khloghi and Mohammadreza Keyvanpour 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.1950v1 An Analytical Framework for Data Stream Mining Techniques Based on Challenges and Requirements]
;Tamer Abuhmed ''et al''. 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/0803.0037v1 A Survey on Deep Packet Inspection for Intrusion Detection System]

== Somebody is Watching You: Video Surveillance ==

;Yassine Benabbas, Nacim Ihaddadene, and Chaabane Djeraba 
:[http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ivp/2011/163682.pdf Motion Pattern Extraction and Even Detection for Automatic Visual Surveillance]
;Alexander Artikis and Georgios Paliouras 
:[http://arxiv.org/pdf/0905.4614v1 A Logic Programming Approach to Behaviour Recognition]
;T.P. Pushpavath et al.  : [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1002.3011v1 GPRS Video Streaming Surveillance System GVS]
;Renzo De Nardi et al. 
:[http://cogprints.org/5569/1/bristoluav21.pdf SwarMAV: A Swarm of Miniature Aerial Vehicles]

== Monitoring Bodies: Surveilling Health ==

;Daniel Chandramohan ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050057 Should Data from Demographic Surveillance Systems Be Made More Widely Available to Researchers]
;Alireza Taravat Najafabad ''et al''. 
:[http://cogprints.org/6972/1/2009-4-4.pdf Web GIS and Public Health]
;Stuart Rennie ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000004 Conducting Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveillance in Developing Countries: Ethical, Epidemiological, and Public Health Concerns]
;Emily Chan ''et al''. 
:[http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206 Using Web Search Query Data to Monitor Dengue Epidemics: A New Model for Neglected Tropical Disease Surveillance]

== Judging Privacy: Legal Issues ==

;Samuel D. Warren, Louis D. Brandeis 
:[http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy_brand_warr2.html The Right to Privacy]
;Daniel J. Solove 
:[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=990030 Data Mining and the Security-Liberty Debate]
;Omer Tene 
:[http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/ulr/article/viewArticle/136 What Google Knows: Privacy and Internet Search Engines]
;Paul Ohm 
:[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1261344 The Rise and Fall of Invasive ISP Surveillance]

== Appendix: How It Works ==

;Emily Steel 
:[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304410504575560243259416072.html A Web Pioneer Profiles Users by Name]
;The Wall Street Journal 
:[http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_RAPLEAF_20101018.html Cracking the Code]
;Ted Morgan – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIJyWi9YsYU Location Makes Mobile Mobile] 
:<youtube>bIJyWi9YsYU</youtube>
;David Bond 
:[http://erasingdavid.com/ Erasing David]
;Ondi Timoner 
:[http://www.hulu.com/watch/192218/we-live-in-public We Live in Public]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Surveillance/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/UbiquitousSurveillance.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Consciousness/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:54:37Z

Pw: Unprotected "Consciousness/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Mediations_of_Consciousness Back to the book]
 
Grover, M. (2011) 'The Quantum Computing Conscious Universe and the Extended Deep Ecology Hypothesis: Implications for Medicine, Agriculture and Technology', ''International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology'', 3(2): 813-815.

http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST11-03-02-093.pdf

Licence: © 2011 Grover. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 Guenedi, A. A. et al. (2009) ‘Investigation of the Cerebral Blood Flow of an Omani Man with Supposed "Spirit Possession" Associated with an Altered Mental State: A Case Report’, J''ournal of Medical Case Reports'', 3: 9325

http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/3/1/9325

Licence: © 2009 Guenedi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 Hill, D. W. (2009) 'Reflections on Leaving Facebook', ''Fast Capitalism'', 5 (2).

http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/5_2/Hill5_2.html

Licence: © 2009 Hill. ''Fast Capitalism'' is one of Open Humanities Press's open access journals. Authors of papers published in ''Fast Capitalism'' hold copyright to their work. This article is included by kind permission of David W. Hill.

 Lundervold, A. (2010) 'On Consciousness, Resting State fMRI, and Neurodynamics', ''Nonlinear Biomedical Physics'', 4(Suppl 1):S9 http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/4/S1/S9

Licence: © 2010 Lundervold; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 Randrup, A. (2004) 'Animal Mind as Approached by the Transpersonal: Notion of Collective Conscious Experience', ''International Journal of Transpersonal'', 23 (1): 32-45

http://www.transpersonalstudies.org/ImagesRepository/ijts/Downloads/Animal%20Mind%20as%20Approached%20by%20the%20Transpersonal%20Notion%20of%20Collective%20Conscious%20Experience.pdf 

Licence: © 2004 Randrup. This article is included by kind permission of the publishers. Special thanks to Glenn Hartelius. 

 

Robinson, R. (2009) 'Exploring the “Global Workspace” of Consciousness', ''PLoS Biol'', 7(3): e1000066.

http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000066

Licence: © 2009 Richard Robinson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

 Stam, C. J. & J. C. Reijneveld (2007) 'Graph Theoretical Analysis of Complex Ntworks in the Brain', ''Nonlinear Biomedical Physics'', 1(3)

http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/1/1/3

Licence: © 2007 Stam and Reijneveld; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 Sorem, E. (2010) 'Searle, Materialism, and the Mind-Body Problem', ''Perspectives: International Postgraduate Journal of Philosophy'', Directory of Open Acces Journals, 3 (1): 30-54.

http://www.ucd.ie/philosophy/perspectives/resources/issue3/Perspectives_volumeIII_SearleMaterialismMindBody.pdf

Licence: © 2010 Soren. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided there is no commercial use and no derivative work and the original author and source are credited.

 

Velmans, M. (2009 ) 'How to Define Consciousness -- And How Not to Define Consciousness', ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'', 16(5):139-156

http://cogprints.org/6453/

Licence: © 2009 Velmans. The full text of this article is available in the Cogprints open access repository, and is included here by kind permission of Max Velmans and the publishers.

 Zhang, X. (2011) 'The Emergence of Consciousness in the Quantum Universe'

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.1651

Licence: © 2011 Zhang. The full text of this article is available in the arXiv.org open access repository, and is included here by kind permission of Xiaolei Zhang.

Consciousness/Introduction

2011-10-25T19:54:21Z

Pw: Unprotected "Consciousness/Introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Mediations_of_Consciousness Back to the book]
 
= '''From the Brain to General Intellect: Commentary on the Mediations of Consciousness''' Alberto López Cuenca =
<blockquote>‘The modern human mind is not a simple medieval clock; it is not a radio or telephone switchboard; it is not a system of clever software; and it is most definitely not a general-purpose computing device like a Turing machine. These things are its inventions, products of its culture. They are no more than the metaphors it currently uses when contemplating itself.’ (Merlin Donald, ''Origins of the Modern Mind'')</blockquote>
 There is an overwhelming amount of literature about the nature of consciousness and its riddles. Yet one must necessarily work through this literature if one is interested in the philosophical and scientific details of the related debates. However, this means that this short book can be neither an exhaustive introduction nor a developed stance on the issue of consciousness – the problem of the mind-body relationship, the reduction of mental states to brain states, or the attribution of consciousness to single individuals. Something of that kind can be found elsewhere.1 As far as these issues are concerned, this Living Book is more of a call to pay attention to the current ways in which some of the scientific discussions about consciousness are framed. Almost any introduction to the subject of consciousness holds that the philosophical history of the modern mind starts with the strict distinction René Descartes made between ‘res cogitans’ and ‘res extensa’. Here, a mental and a physical realm were established that are sharply separated from each other while at the same time being weakly linked by the pineal gland - what Descartes thought to be the physical seat of the mind. This dualism set both the stage and the characters that have subsequently played out the still unfinished story of modern and contemporary consciousness. If these realms are so distinct, how can the mental affect the physical? On the other hand, if the mental is conditioned by the physical, how is free will possible? How can physical states of the brain account for such phenomenologically distinct states as mental ones? How can it be shown that accessible third person descriptions of physical facts are descriptions of inaccessible first person mental states? As a result of developments in clinical psychology and neuroscience, the dominant trend throughout most of the 20th century was to explain the nature of consciousness not in terms of a dualism, but rather in terms of different sorts of materialism. Consciousness here is either reduced to, identified with, or caused by brain states or neural connections. These various explanations converge on the basic point of making the brain a necessary and sufficient condition for consciousness. However, a number of criticisms have been made of these forms of materialism. For example, if being in pain is identical to being in a certain brain state, why can’t the person in pain identify such a brain state? If the brain causes the mental state of anger, how can two such different conditions be related? Moreover, that the brain is in a certain state or neurons are connected in a determined way does not seem to explain how one feels what one feels. As Steven Harnard writes: 
<blockquote>Now what about the ‘how’? How does a pattern of brain activity generate feeling? This is not a question about how that pattern of brain activity is generated, for that can be explained in the usual way, just as we explain how a pattern of activity in a car or a kidney is generated. It is a question about how feeling itself is generated. Otherwise the feeling just remains something that is mysteriously (but reliably) correlated with certain brain patterns. We don’t know how brain activity could generate feeling. Even less do we know why. (2005)</blockquote>
 Amid these puzzles, Colin McGinn (1993) has put forward quite a challenging argument. McGinn admits that as far as consciousness is concerned he is a naturalist. Basically, he has no doubt that the brain is the causal basis of consciousness. The problem is we do not seem to understand ‘how this can be so’. The distinctive point of McGinn’s stance is that he believes we cannot determine how it is that the brain is responsible for consciousness. According to him, we are precluded from ever understanding this link given the way we form our concepts and develop our theories (1993: 2-3). This does not mean McGinn is a constructivist. He actually holds a realist conception of the world, although he admits we have to have a cognitive and perceptive closure to understand it all. For him, there is a state of affairs in the world that human beings can neither perceive properly nor understand. ‘But such closure does not reflect adversely on the reality of the properties that lie outside the representational capacities in question; a property is no less real for not being reachable from a certain kind of perceiving and conceiving mind’ (1993: 3). What seems to be missing in the materialist account of consciousness, and in McGinn's 'cognitive and perceptive closure' argument, is an evolutionary and thus historical approach to consciousness. For those hegemonic materialist theories that were popular in the late twentieth century, and are still powerful today, the resolution of the question as to how the brain produces consciousness is a discrete and synchronic one. It is an issue that can be resolved by pointing to brain states or complex neural connections. This is apparent from the spread of representations of the brain through to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Electroencephalography (EEG). Every now and again a digitally produced image of the brain presented in the media claims to be showing where consciousness, language, pain or love take place. What is misleading about this particular kind of image is the way consciousness is represented as static: as if it is detached from the environment and has not changed in the course of human evolution. It is as though being conscious has always activated the same parts of the brain. This representation leaves aside the fact that consciousness has evolved biologically and interacted socially and technologically with the environment. Consequently, a diachronic and contextual approach must be stressed in order to make sense of the complexity of consciousness. There has been some very insightful work done in this field. For instance, Merlin Donald (1991) has argued that the evolution of consciousness has gone through at least three stages and, more to the point, that we have come to accumulate the three of them. That is, we normally switch between different states that can be regarded as conscious: 
<blockquote>In the hybrid scheme proposed here, the functional locus of ‘consciousness’ can shift, depending upon the representational system currently in command. What we experience as basic, unreflective awareness probably corresponds somewhat to direct episodic experience, uninterpreted by any of our representational systems. Such unreflective states are probably as close as modern humans can get to the episodic cultures of higher mammals. In such a state, the absence of mimetic or linguistic representation concedes control to episodic cognitive structures, by default. (Donald, 1991: 369)</blockquote>
 So, along with an episodic unreflective awareness, Donald argues that there is both a mimetic and a linguistic consciousness. Mimetic states of awareness are event-oriented and generally socially interactive. ‘Above all, and in contrast with unreflective episodic experience, mimetic states take an active, modeling approach to experience. The invention and practice of sport, games, dance, ritual, and craft without the engagement of verbal thought are typical of such states’ (1991: 369). There is also a more symbolically complex and mediated linguistic consciousness. According to Donald, this is the most spread state of consciousness because most cortical regions in the human brain are tertiary: they receive great quantities of highly digested inputs from all over the brain (1991: 379). This leads Donald to a quite surprising conclusion: 
<blockquote>In summary, the degree of consistency across individuals that has been assumed in neuropsychology may not exist in tertiary cortical regions at all. This might be expressed as the principle of singularity: the individual human brain develops a unique functional organization at the representational level. This has serious implications for optimal research strategies in neuropsychology; at the very least, it is a very strong argument in favor of the single-case approach. The regions of the brain that are most characteristically human – especially the great expanses of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes – are likely to be the most malleable neurological structures in nature, taking on many forms. They are configurable and reconfigurable to a remarkable degree, because their resources are allocated on a competitive basis to the many input paths impinging on them. In effect, the physical structure of mind has become less and less fixed as neocortical evolution has progressed. This leaves room not only for the kinds of radical reconfiguration introduced by literacy but also (presumably) for larger differences between the brains of individual human beings. (Donald: 1991: 380)</blockquote>
 From this perspective, the brain appears to have transformed itself during human evolution according to the need to interact with others and the environment. Consciousness here has evolved along the lines of the brain's plasticity. What this implies is that consciousness is not just molded by the brain. The latter is an argument put forward by Andy Clark and labeled 'extended mind theory' (2003; 2008). For Clark, the human mind cannot be circumscribed to the 'biological skinbag': 
<blockquote>The human mind, if it is to be the physical organ of human reason, simply cannot be seen as bound and restricted by the biological skinbag. In fact, it has never been thus restricted and bound, at least not since the first meaningful words were uttered on some ancestral plain. But this ancient seepage has been gathering momentum with the advent of texts, PCs, coevolving software agents, and user-adaptive home and office devices. The mind is just less and less in the head. (Clark, 2003: 4)</blockquote>
 This is Clark’s key idea: that the mind relies on the material means human beings have to encode and transmit information. According to Clark, this is not just a question of cultural or material human development; it is a structural neurological condition of human beings, namely, the plasticity of the brain that allows it to adapt to the environment. ‘It is the presence of this unusual plasticity’, Clark writes, ‘that makes humans (but not dogs, cats, or elephants) natural-born cyborgs: beings primed by Mother Nature to annex wave upon wave of external elements and structures as part and parcel of their own extended minds’ (2003: 31). It is just this capacity to extend and adapt the mind that has been enlarged in recent decades with the coming of computers and all sorts of media that enable human beings to record and manipulate information. Following Clark, we can see that mind and knowledge are inextricable from the material means we have to put them at work. This crucial intertwining of the brain and external resources grants technology a role center stage in the configuration and transformation of consciousness. Moreover, this argument concerning the extension of the cognitive faculties beyond the head places in question the modern idea of the subject as an independent mind that owns unique ideas and imagination. This criticism of mind individualism thus has highly relevant epistemological and political implications for the current stage of cognitive capitalism. In particular, the notion of ‘general intellect’ is cast in a new light under these considerations. As Paolo Virno writes: 
<blockquote>Marx, without reserve, equated the general intellect (that is, knowledge as principal productive force) with fixed capital, with the ‘objective scientific capacity’ inherent in the system of machines. In this way he omitted the dimension, absolutely preeminent today, in which the general intellect presents itself as living labor… In so-called ‘second-generation independent labor,’ but also in the operational procedures of a radically reformed factory such as the Fiat factory in Melfi, it is not difficult to recognize that the connection between knowledge and production is not at all exhausted within the system of machines; on the contrary, it articulates itself in the linguistic cooperation of men and women, in their actually acting in concert. In the Post-Fordist environment, a decisive role is played by the infinite variety of concepts and logical schemes which cannot ever be set within fixed capital, being inseparable from the reiteration of a plurality of living subjects. The general intellect includes, thus, formal and informal knowledge, imagination, ethical propensities, mindsets, and ‘linguistic games’. (Virno, 2004: 106)</blockquote>
 The point Virno is calling attention to is that what Marx understood to be knowledge accumulated in machines as general intellect is today located in the very lives and bodies of workers. Knowledge, subjective experience and mindsets join the process of production set in motion by post-Fordism. If we follow Merlin Donald and Andy Clark’s arguments regarding the plasticity of the brain and the constitutive reliance of the mind upon sign and memory technologies, then the question of the constitution of consciousness can hardly be answered by pointing to the firing of complex networks of neurons alone. Instead, consciousness appears inextricably constituted by politics, technology and the social workforce. At the same time, this approach certainly provides no definitive answers as far as the philosophical and scientific riddles of consciousness are concerned. Rather, it reminds us that a single straight answer will not be able to account for the multiple mediations in which consciousness is formed.                                                                                                                                                                      ***

 Obviously, there are very different ways of reading the papers gathered in this book – readers may think of them as the revival of speculative thinking, tokens of fair academic debate, or mere hypotheses that still need to be proved. It is far from my intention to prevent any of these views from being held. However, it is my intention that these texts, forming as they do a network of ideas currently under discussion, should be read as putting forward a very basic point. This point concerns the fact that any understanding or definition of consciousness is always founded on a specific vocabulary, and relies heavily on the technologies that make metaphors available with which to represent consciousness. I do not mean by this that there is a literal fact about consciousness that technology and its related vocabularies and metaphors refer to. It is rather that what we are faced with when we consider different discourses about consciousness is a complex set of techno-linguistic mediations that do not yield any conclusive literal content that makes it possible to resolve, once and for all, the debate over the nature of consciousness. The papers gathered here come from a number of different authors – ranging from senior researchers to a student newly graduated. The aim of this range is to show the sheer variety of vocabularies that are currently being adopted to address issues of consciousness. The chosen papers are organized into four sections. 'The Riddle of Consciousness' provides an introduction to some of the different approaches to consciousness and its related problems – the mind-body relationship, qualia, reductionism, etc. Velmans’ article is a broad and well documented presentation of the various theories that purport to define consciousness and its limitations. Robinson welcomes ‘Global Workspace’ as a promising neurological explanation of consciousness as ‘synchronized brain activity’. Finally, Soren considers John Searle’s materialist approach to consciousness and, in doing so, reviews the reach and shortcomings of different sorts of materialism proposed in the last fifty years. The second section deals with the representation of consciousness. How do scans and digital technologies make consciousness available for research? How is consciousness measured? There is a set of technologies that are most celebrated and discussed in the task of representing consciousness – especially Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), but also Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG). The piece by Guenedi ''et al''. is an attempt to represent ‘body possession’ through fMRI. The articles by Lundervold and Stam & Reijneveld rely on a hard mathematical apparatus, but this does not prevent them from producing arguments accessible to the non-specialist. In both cases, fMRI is considered as a successful tool to map brain connectivity and to represent the brain’s complex networks. What do all these images tell us about consciousness? The book’s third section deals with the idea of 'Extended Consciousness'. There is a recent trend in Western academia that favours an extended notion of consciousness – i.e. the conviction that consciousness does not happen in the brain but in a complex set of interconnections with the techno-biological environment. Powerful hypotheses of this sort have been gathering momentum. If life itself has evolved from inorganic matter, could consciousness not have come to exist in a similar way over the course of the larger picture of human evolution? This has been the question asked by quantum physicists seeking to determine the origin of consciousness. It is remarkable how certain representations recently developed from quantum physics have turned towards a kind of materialist pan-psychologism in which not just the brain but the whole of nature and the universe is actually conscious. Quantum physics can thus be seen to be overcoming the divide between res extensa and res cogitans in its substituting of matter for energy as the source of life and consciousness. With this vocabulary in hand, some quite surprising hypotheses – at least as far as Western scientific thought is concerned – have been put forward. It is in this line of work that both Zhang’s and Grover’s articles are to be located. Meanwhile, a somewhat different tone is adopted in the piece by Randrup, where he contends that a group of humans and animals can be seen as the subject of collective conscious experiences. Consequently, he proceeds to argue for an overcoming of ideas of consciousness as a mere attribute of individuals. Finally, in the Appendix I present a number of different cases in which conscious experiences manifest themselves – be it in writing, music, dance or blogging. What I am seeking to show are the experimental ways in which conscious is expressed; that is, the ways in which the dominant hegemonic forms of consciousness are undermined by other forms of experience. I am very much interested here in the expression of altered states of consciousness, mainly by drug use. I intend this Appendix to be a work-in-progress that will be added to and developed further as I gather new material. So far, it contains one piece: an argument put forward by David W. Hill in which he explains why he stopped using Facebook. It addresses the question: What sort of awareness did Facebook provoke in Hill that led him to this dramatic gesture? ''' Endnotes ''' 1 Among the classic texts I suggest should be reviewed are Churchland (1995), Clark (2003, 2008), Dennett (1996), Donald (1993), McGinn (1991), Nagel (1981), Pepperell (2003) and Searle (1992). There are numerous Readers I find valuable, including Schneider and Velmans (2007). This introduction assumes at least in part a dialogue with these texts.

 '''References ''' Churchland, P. M. (1995) ''Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Clark, A. (2003) ''Natural-Born Cyborgs. Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. Clark, A. (2008) ''Supersizing the Mind. Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension''. Oxford University Press. Dennett, D. (1996) ''Kinds of Minds. Toward an Understanding of Consciousness''. New York, NY: Basic Books. Donald, M. (1991) ''Origins of the Modern Mind. Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Harnard, S. (2005) ‘Reply to John Searle: What Is Consciousness?’, ''New York Review of Books'', June 23, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/23/what-is-consciousness/, retrieved August 13th 2011. Nagel, T. (1986) ''The View from Nowhere''. New York: Oxford University Press. MacGinn, C. (1991) ''The Problem of Consciousness: Essays Towards a Resolution''. London: Basil Blackwell. Pepperell, R. (2003) ''The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain''. Bristol: Intellect. Putnam, H. (1981) ‘Brains in a Vat’, ''Reason, Truth and History''. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Schneider, S. & Velmans, M. (2007) ''The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Searle, J. (1992) ''The Rediscovery of the Mind''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Virno, P. (2004) ''Grammar of the Multitude''. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e).

The Mediations of Consciousness

2011-10-25T19:54:10Z

Pw: Unprotected "The Mediations of Consciousness"

[[Image:ConsciousnessCover1.jpg|right|318x450px]]
''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Mediations_of_Consciousness/bio Alberto López Cuenca]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Introduction '''Introduction: From the Brain to General Intellect: Commentary on the Mediations of Consciousness'''] ==
There is an overwhelming amount of literature about the nature of consciousness and its riddles. Yet one must necessarily work through this literature if one is interested in the philosophical and scientific details of the related debates. However, this means that this short book can be neither an exhaustive introduction nor a developed stance on the issue of consciousness – the problem of the mind-body relationship, the reduction of mental states to brain states, or the attribution of consciousness to single individuals. Something of that kind can be found elsewhere.1 As far as these issues are concerned, this Living Book is more of a call to pay attention to the current ways in which some of the scientific discussions about consciousness are framed. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Introduction (more...)]

== The Riddle of Consciousness ==
; Max Velmans : [http://cogprints.org/6453/1/How_to_define_consciousness.pdf How to Define Consciousness -- And How Not to Define Consciousness]
; Richard Robinson : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000066 Exploring the 'Global Workspace' of Consciousness]
; Erik Sorem : [http://www.ucd.ie/philosophy/perspectives/resources/issue3/Perspectives_volumeIII_SearleMaterialismMindBody.pdf Searle, Materialism, and the Mind-Body Problem]

== Representing Consciousness ==
; Amr A Guenedi, Ala'Alddin Al Hussaini, Yousif A Obeid, Samir Hussain, Faisal Al-Azri and Samir Al-Adawi : [http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/pdf/1752-1947-3-9325.pdf Investigation of the Cerebral Blood Flow of an Omani Man with Supposed ‘Spirit Possession’ Associated with an Altered Mental State: A Case Report]
; Arvid Lundervold : [http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/pdf/1753-4631-4-S1-S9.pdf On Consciousness, Resting State fMRI, and Neurodynamics]
; Cornelis J. Stam & Jaap C. Reijneveld : [http://www.nonlinearbiomedphys.com/content/pdf/1753-4631-1-3.pdf Graph Theoretical Analysis of Complex Networks in the Brain]

== Extended Consciousness ==
; Xialei Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.1651 The Emergence of Consciousness in the Quantum Universe]
; Mondendra Grover : [http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST11-03-02-093.pdf The Quantum Computing Conscious Universe and the Extended Deep Ecology Hypothesis: Implications for Medicine, Agriculture and Technology]
; Axel A. Randrup : [http://www.transpersonalstudies.org/ImagesRepository/ijts/Downloads/Animal%20Mind%20as%20Approached%20by%20the%20Transpersonal%20Notion%20of%20Collective%20Conscious%20Experience.pdf Animal Mind as Approached by the Transpersonal: Notion of Collective Conscious Experience]

== Appendix: Varieties of Conscious Experience ==
; David W. Hill : [http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/5_2/Hill5_2.html Reflections on Leaving Facebook]

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Consciousness/Attributions Attributions]==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/MediationsofConsciousness.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Air/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:53:49Z

Pw: Unprotected "Air/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Life_of_Air Back to the book]
 Womack, A. M. et al. (2010) ‘Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Atmosphere’, ''Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ''365(1558) November 27: 3645–3653. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982008/?tool=pubmed Licence: © 2010 The Royal Society; articles from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences are provided courtesy of The Royal Society. Gorbushina, A. A. et al. (2007) ‘Life in Darwin's Dust: Intercontinental Transport and Survival of Microbes in the Nineteenth Century’, ''Environmental Microbiology'' 9 (12): 2911–2922. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01461.x/full Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Hedenström, A. (2010) ‘Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?’, ''PLoS Biol'' 8(5). [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362] Licence: © 2010 Anders Hedenström. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Thomas, E. (2007) ‘Tomas Saraceno Looks to the Sky and Sees Possibilities’, essay in exhibition catalogue 'Tomas Sareceno: Microscale, Macroscale, and Beyond: Large-scale Implications of Small-scale Experiments,' University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, November 2007 - February 2008. http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/images/art/matrix/224/MATRIX_224_Tomas_Saraceno.pdf Licence: © 2007 Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. Permission granted by Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. Kaulingfreks, R. & Ten Bos, R. (2003) ‘Learning to Fly: Inspiration and Togetherness’, ''Electronic Journal of Rafical Organisaton Theory ''7(2), September. URL: http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/Vol7_2/kaulingfreks.pdf Licence: © 2003 Kaulingfreks & Ten Bos. Permission to link to this journal has been granted by the authors in personal correspondence. Cavillo, N. 'In the Air'. http://intheair.es/index.html Link to 'In the Air': http://intheair.es/index.html Connor, S. (2008) ‘Taking to the Air’.A talk broadcast on [http://www.resonancefm.com/ Resonance FM], as part of the Free University of the Airwaves, 18-22 August. URL: http://www.stevenconnor.com/broadcasts.htm Licence: © 2008 Steven Connor, permission granted by the author. Adler, F.R. (2011) ‘Plant Signalling: the Opportunities and Dangers of Chemical Communication’, ''Biology Letters ''7 (2), 23 April: 161-162. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/2/161.full Licence: © 2011 The Royal Society. Freely available on the Royal Society Publishing website and offered here via a link. Wright, G.A. & Schiestl, F.P. (2009) ‘The Evolution of Floral Scent: the Influence of Olfactory Learning by Insect Pollinators on the Honest Signalling of Floral Rewards’, ''Functional Ecology'' 23 (5) October: 841–851. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01627.x/full Licence: © 2009 Wright & Schiestl. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Whitehead, M.R. & Peakall, R. (2009) ‘Integrating Floral Scent, Pollination Ecology and Population Genetics’, ''Functional Ecology'' 23 (5) October: 863–874. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01620.x/full Licence: © 2009 Whitehead & Peakall. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Thom, C. et al. (2007) ‘The Scent of the Waggle Dance,’ ''PLoS Biol'' 5(9): e228. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050228. [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050228 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050228] Licence: © 2007 Thom ''et al''. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Shepherd, G.M. (2004) ‘The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?’, ''PLoS Biol'' 2(5): e146. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020146. http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020146 Licence: © 2004 Shepherd. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Wysocki, C.J. & Preti, G. (2004) ‘Facts, Fallacies, Fears, and Frustrations with Human Pheromones’, ''The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology'', Special Issue: Evolution of the Special Senses in Primates, 281A (1) November: 1201–1211. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20125/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20125/full] Licence: © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Leret, S.C. (2009) ''Smellscapes: the Loss of Smell in a Visual Culture'', [http://www.open-output.org/filebin/images/3791/13e15aff032f9d4b4c47ac834d067bfe.pdf http://www.open-output.org/filebin/images/3791/13e15aff032f9d4b4c47ac834d067bfe.pdf] Licence: © 2009 Leret; courtesy of Susana Camara Leret. Haque, U. (2007) ‘Scents of Space,’ [http://www.haque.co.uk/scentsofspace.php http://www.haque.co.uk/scentsofspace.php] Licence: ©1993-2011, Usman Haque, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Maciá, O., Marketou, J., Stathacos, C. & Ursitti, C. (2008) 'Odor Limits' curated by DisplayCult, the Esther M. Klein Art Gallery, Philadelphia. http://www.displaycult.com/exhibitions/odor_limits.html Link to Displaycult's 'Odor Limits': http://www.displaycult.com/exhibitions/odor_limits.html Buszewski, B "et al." (2007) ‘Human Exhaled Air Analytics: Biomarkers of Diseases’, ''Biomedical Chromatography'' 21(6) June: 553-566. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmc.835/full Licence: © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Saraceno, T. (2007) ‘Poetic Cosmos of the Breath’. http://www.artscatalyst.org/projects/detail/poeticcosmosofthebreath/ Link to the Arts Catalyst: [http://www.artscatalyst.org/projects/detail/poeticcosmosofthebreath/ http://www.artscatalyst.org/projects/detail/poeticcosmosofthebreath/] Raaf, S. ‘Breath I: Pleasure,’ http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=13 Raaf, S. ‘Breath Cultures,’ http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=15&sec=images# Link to Sabrina Raaf’s website: http://www.raaf.org Parkes, M.J. (2004) ‘Breath-holding and its Breakpoint’, ''Experimental Physiology'' 91 (1) Jan: 1-15. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00317.x/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00317.x/full] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Luechinger, S. (2009) ‘Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach’, ''The Economic Journal'' 119 (536) March: 482-515. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02241.x/full#fn1 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02241.x/full#fn1] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Fong Poh Ng, L. (2003) ‘The Virus That Changed My World,’ ''PLoS Biology'' 1(3). URL: http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000066 Licence: © 2003 Lisa Fong Poh Ng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Public Library of Science Open-Access Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How Flu Viruses Attack (National Geographic) Link to URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVLo2CtB3GA&feature=related What You Should Know About Biological Warfare Link to URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soh3P0ITtE8&feature=related How to Survive Biological or Chemical Attack Link to URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty1SMtpuaO4&feature=related Critical Art Ensemble (2005) 'Bodies of Fear in a World of Threat', [http://www.critical-art.net/mp.html http://www.critical-art.net/mp.html] Link to URL: http://www.critical-art.net/mp.html da Costa, B. (2006) 'PigeonBlog', [http://www.pigeonblog.mapyourcity.net/index.php http://www.pigeonblog.mapyourcity.net/index.php] Link to URL: http://www.pigeonblog.mapyourcity.net/index.php

Air/Introduction

2011-10-25T19:52:57Z

Pw: Unprotected "Air/Introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_Life_of_Air Back to the book]
 
= Monika Bakke '''Introduction: The Multispecies Use of Air''' =
 
‘It’s alive!’ we could certainly exclaim if confronted with a microscopic view of air. As aerobiologists observe, ‘[h]undreds of thousands of individual microbial cells can exist in a cubic metre of air, representing perhaps hundreds of unique taxa’ (Womack ''et al''., 2010: 3645). But what deserves special attention here is not only that air is full of life but also that, apart from being a mean of transport and communication, air is a habitat in its own right. The ''zoe ''of air comes in abundance and we – breathing organisms – are all in this together for better and for worse, dead or alive. We have finally come to realize that air is messy, being neither an empty space nor a void, but a space where species meet. And like any other life form, as Donna Haraway emphasizes, we find ourselves ‘in a knot of species coshaping one another in layers of reciprocating complexity all the way down’ (2008: 42). The natural history of airborne communities enters into the social history of air almost exclusively in moments of crisis such as pandemics. Airborne microbial life, however, is in constant interaction with human life not only in a pathogenic but also in a beneficial way – directly and indirectly – as it affects the atmospheric processes (Womack ''et al''., 2010: 3645). Anthropocentric perspectives, or rather the social history of air, limit our view of aerial life to human ‘bodies being made to be aerial (Adey, 2010: 25) in aviation to the accelerating saturation of air with the electromagnetic signals in the wireless communication (Dalal, 2009) or focus on the imaginary and artistic ways of dealing with air (Connor, 2010; Bakke, 2006). Unfortunately we tend to forget that as a species we are not the only air users and that air plays an active role in our embodied lives. In fact, we live submerged in a crowded and busy air full of life and full of molecular messages being exchanged by nonhumans. Air developed as the most ancient means of communication, long before the appearance of humans into the earth’s ecosystems, serving as a vast pool jammed with chemical signals which only recently started gaining scientific recognition. Messages expressing desires, warnings and survival instructions are constantly sent via air by plants and animals. Plants, therefore, cannot be considered passive air users, as they are capable of complex signaling, some of which travels into the air and through the air. The discontent with our ‘forgetting of air’ formulated by Luce Irigaray (1999) with regards to Western philosophy has also, to some degree, been relevant to the life sciences. ‘The air remains the least understood environment from a biogeographic perspective’ (Womack ''et al''., 2010: 3649), even though ‘air is as alive as soil or water’ (3645). Airborne communities have been neglected, their composition not sufficiently recognized, their ecology poorly understood, and as a result, the diversity of airborne life, its distribution and interactions are still awaiting further research. Hence, aerobiologists call for a better, more unified understanding of the biosphere, inclusive of proper recognition of the biodiversity of the atmosphere. Perhaps, in some way, the preference for solids in philosophy may be paired with the preference for an interest in those life forms which dwell, like us, on the surface of the lithosphere. However, unlike philosophy and science, religion never forgot air. Religion sterilized air because only in this context could air become spirit, soul or ''pneuma''. Religious ambitions successfully evacuated air from the realm of life-''zoe'', locating it in the human-God only zone, though recognizing that ''bios'' – individual life – starts with our first breath and ends with our last. These breaths have been accepted as significant aerial moments in human life, as those determined by God, while the rest go unnoticed. The breaths of nonhumans in this context are meaningless and hence may be terminated by humans without moral consequences. ‘To live – to breathe: to become – to change/alter’ (Irigaray, 1999: 164) can be destabilizing for the anthropocentric subject who is reluctant to let go of ‘ontological hygiene’ (Graham, 2002: 11) and accept that being oneself means being not only human. The composition of the individual breath, although not visible to the naked eye, gives evidence that the human body is a transspecies environment. Our breath reveals a very specific composition of nonhumans living in our nasal passages and oral cavities. With the recent contribution from the Human Microbiome Project launched in December 2007 assuring us about the significance of microbial communities to our bodies, it is generally accepted that ''zoe ''– the nonhuman life – constitutes us. Thus ''zoe ''loses its negative validation and bad reputation, and is postulated as a generative force, a pure vitality of life which, as Rosi Braidotti claims, ‘rules through a trans-species and trans-genic interconnection’ (2006: 111), whereby ‘consciousness attempts to contain it, but actually lives in fear of it. Such a life force is experienced as threatening by a mind that fears the loss of control’ (2004: 110). Similarly, breathing goes on, as Irigaray puts it, ‘at the tempo of transformation that is too quick for reason, consciousness, and for any means man can master’ (1999: 164). The turbulent rush of air in and out of our body is ecstatic (Irigaray, 1999: 164) as it allows us to participate in something bigger than ourselves – in other turbulent flows. The air flow from breathing in and breathing out is not just a sign of life from a single organism whose breath can be heard, but rather an indication of the coexistence of many lives in various interspecies relationships. Thus, to become oneself, with each breath sustaining life, is actually to become with many – to alter with many – most of which are nonhuman. Hence, the vital necessity of breathing coincides with the most radical openness to the nonhuman realm – it is most ecstatic. Each breath is always a part of some greater exhalation, as much as it contains infinite traces of other breaths and is full of life which sometimes also brings death. Paradoxically, then, in breathing-living we experience not only fear ''for ''life but often also fear ''of ''life. How to breathe well in this turbulent moment when the subject of the humanist tradition is confronted with a radical idea that, in Haraway’s words, ‘we have never been human’? The subject is up in the air, or rather in a moment of not knowing its own position in respect to nonhuman life forms, as its location is no longer anthropocentrically fixed. Our identities are in the process of becoming and our bodies are constantly merging with the environment. The living matter of air enters and exits our body on a regular basis. Daily survival is a full time job, as breathing is synonymous with living. Our breathing must flow constantly and steadily as both hyperventilation and lack of air severely impede our perceptive abilities and constitute a serious hazard to life. We can neither make up for missed air nor store up air for later. We can hold our breath only for a moment and then, the central respiratory rhythm overrides our will, causing the breath to reach breakpoint. Curiously, so far, there is no sufficient explanation for the breakpoint as the mechanisms of breath-holding are not fully understood (Parkes, 2005: 1). In our struggling with the turbulent flows of aerial existence, we aim for sustainability and balance based on an awareness of its constantly negotiated location within the environment. Here, not roots but routes, processes, passages and flows are important, as life is nonteleological – it certainly is up in the air. 

                                                                                                                                       *** ''The Life of Air'' brings together perspectives on the social history of air and the natural history of airborne life. Through an assemblage of text, video and audio this Living Book gives significant consideration to nonhuman users of air and puts forward the proposition that we never breathe alone. The book is divided into five sections addressing various aspects of the use of air discussed in biological, political, philosophical and artistic contexts. The opening section, ‘Living in the Air’, brings perspectives from aerobiology, art and cultural studies. It is concerned with uses of air as a habitat in its own right, and as a conduit for the spread of microbial communities via natural atmospheric pathways and the movement of large multicellular organisms, but also as an object of scientific, philosophical and artistic inquiry. Aerobiological research suggests that air is full of life, but its distribution is still poorly understood. Aeolian dust carries microbes between continents, and a dust storm is not dead but full of living organisms which can stay viable for centuries. However, bigger organisms cannot just catch a ride, but need to move with their own means of locomotion; therefore, aerodynamic theory meets endurance physiology in research on the nonstop long-distance migratory flights of birds. Living in air and moving through/with air also belongs to the artistic inquiry into utopian projects for an Air-Port-City floating in the air, as well as for flying gardens. Finally, this section also offers a glimpse into the history of our relation to air as an object of scientific and philosophical inquiry, a habitat and means of communication, and a realm of the imaginary. Nonhuman volatile communication involving plants and insects, which has only recently become an accepted ecological phenomenon, is the focus of the second section. Air is discussed here as an agent carrying chemical signals of desire and danger or, in other words, chemical cues which are crucial in preventing damage, finding mates, avoiding attack, finding food, etc. This exchange of information serves same species communities as well as a trans-species communication, hence the intricate invisible odor webs imposed on food webs significantly influence a wide variety of plant and animal communities. However, like all signals, chemical cues sent through the open air are susceptible to subversion, which is a common strategy employed by various organisms. Yet, in specific ecological contexts, insects are capable of distinguishing between honest and deceptive signals from flowers. Since the importance of floral scents is generally overlooked, attention is given in this section to their evolutionary role, for example, in facilitating or suppressing hybridization between taxa. Finally, the airspace surrounding a dancing bee is discussed as another example of the nonhuman use of air. It has been found that the dancing insect releases a unique scent which affects the behavior of other bees in the hive. ‘The Anthropology of Scents’, in turn, is occupied with the significance of odors for humans and in human controlled environments. It is suggested here that the human sense of smell is actually better than previously thought. Despite genetic studies showing a decline in the number of functional olfactory receptor genes in human evolution, there may be some overlooked factors which aid our olfactory abilities. Oenologists, perfumers, and food scientists have proven that our noses are not as bad as we tend to think. Moreover, controversy about the existence of human pheromones is addressed here with the conclusion that, although the actual mechanisms of pheromone perception are not known and no human pheromones have been isolated so far, there is good evidence for pheromonal effects in humans. Among other topics, physiologists, cultural critics, artists and designers discuss the cultural meanings and values of scents, their hierarchies, the uses and abuses of scents, and practices for their selective repression and elimination, which differ from culture to culture. The forth section called ‘Inspiration-Expiration’ takes on the most mundane, and at the same time, most vital phenomenon of breathing, as well as respiratory rhythm and the holding of breath. The texts comprising this section were chosen to show not so much what breathing is, but rather what it indicates about the physical and mental state of the breather, and how it has inspired artists, architects and philosophers. Attention is given to the sound and the chemical composition of breaths. The turbulent sound of air entering and exiting our body during the breathing process is the most obvious sign of life, but it can also provide indications of serious health problems, as can the chemical make up of the air exhaled. Breath analysis is a useful diagnostic method based on the correlation between the occurrence of certain diseases and the concentration of volatile organic compounds. Finally, the simple pleasure of breathing, with its ecstatic and inspirational aspects, is taken up and elaborated on in art works presented in this section and in the philosophical essay closing it. ‘Airborne Anxieties’ are the topic of the last section of the book. Although it is vital to life, breathing can also work as a destabilizing or even deadly force, as not all inhaled air is safe. Actual and potential airborne agents that pose health risks, such as allergens, chemical pollutants, viruses, and bacteria, are discussed here in the context of science, politics and profit. Moreover this section offers insight into how knowledge about the aerolized delivery of biological or chemical weapons has been publicized and how it is being manipulated by various institutions and governments, and how it is being and linked with terrorism. The variety of voices gathered here is meant to support a critical approach to the institutional management of fear of biological weapons, and to the militarization of air. ''' References ''' Adey, P. (2010) ''Aerial Life: Spaces, Mobilities, Affect''. London: Wiley-Blackwell. Bakke, M. (ed.) (2006) ''Going Aerial: Air, Art, Architecture''. Maastricht: Jan van Eyck Academie. Braidotti, R. (2006) ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics''. Cambridge: Polity Press. Connor, S. (2010) ''The Matter of Air: Science and the Art of Ethereal''. London: Reaction Books. Dalal, U. (2009) ''Wireless Communication''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Graham, L. (2002) ''Representations of the Post/human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Haraway, D. (2008) ''When Species Meet''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Irigaray, L. (1999) ''The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger''. Trans. M. B. Mader. Austin: University of Texas Press. Parkes, M. J. (2006) ‘Breath-holding and its breakpoint,’ ''Experimental Physiology'' 91 (1): 1-15. Womack, A. M. ''et al''. (2010) ‘Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere,’ ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences''. Nov. 27, 365 (1558): 3645-3653.

The Life of Air

2011-10-25T19:52:41Z

Pw: Unprotected "The Life of Air"

[[Image:AirCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|AirCover1.jpg]]
Dwelling, Communicating, Manipulating

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/bio Monika Bakke]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Introduction Introduction: The Multispecies Use of Air] ==
‘It’s alive!’ we could certainly exclaim if confronted with a microscopic view of air. As aerobiologists observe, ‘[h]undreds of thousands of individual microbial cells can exist in a cubic metre of air, representing perhaps hundreds of unique taxa’ (Womack ''et al''., 2010: 3645). But what deserves special attention here is not only that air is full of life but also, apart from being a mean of transport and communication, air is a habitat in its own right. The ''zoe ''of air comes in abundance and we – breathing organisms – are all in this together for better and for worse, dead or alive. We have finally come to realize that air is messy, being neither an empty space nor a void, but a space where species meet. And like any other life form, as Donna Haraway emphasizes, we find ourselves ‘in a knot of species coshaping one another in layers of reciprocating complexity all the way down’ (2008: 42). ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Introduction more...])

== Dwelling in Air ==
; Ann M. Womack, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, Jessica L. Green : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982008/?tool=pubmed Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Atmosphere]
; Anna A. Gorbushina, Renate Kort, Anette Schulte, David Lazarus, Bernhard Schnetger, Hans-Jürgen Brumsack, William J. Broughton, Jocelyne Favet : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01461.x/full Life in Darwin's Dust: Intercontinental Transport and Survival of Microbes in the Nineteenth Century]
; Anders Hedenström : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362 Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?]
; Elizabeth Thomas : [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/images/art/matrix/224/MATRIX_224_Tomas_Saraceno.pdf Tomas Saraceno Looks to the Sky and Sees Possibilities]
; Nerea Cavillo : [http://intheair.es/index.html In the Air]
; Steven Connor – [http://www.stevenconnor.com/ Taking to the Air] : {{#widget:SoundCloud|id=24257558}}

== Nonhuman Volatile Communication ==
; Frederick R. Adler : [http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/2/161.full Plant Signalling: The Opportunities and Dangers of Chemical Communication]
; Geraldine A. Wright, Florian P. Schiestl : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01627.x/full The Evolution of Floral Scent: The Influence of Olfactory Learning by Insect Pollinators on the Honest Signalling of Floral Rewards]
; Michael R. Whitehead, Rod Peakall : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01620.x/full Integrating Floral Scent, Pollination Ecology and Population Genetics]
; Corinna Thom, David C. Gilley, Judith Hooper, Harald E. Esch : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050228 The Scent of the Waggle Dance]

== Anthropology of Scents ==
; Gordon M. Shepherd : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020146 The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?]
; Charles J. Wysocki, George Preti : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20125/full Facts, Fallacies, Fears, and Frustrations with Human Pheromones]
; Susana Camara Leret : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/smellscapes.pdf Smellscapes: The Loss of Smell in a Visual Culture]
; Usman Haque : [http://www.haque.co.uk/scentsofspace.php Scents of Space]
; Oswaldo Maciá, Jenny Marketou, Chrysanne Stathacos, Clara Ursitti : [http://www.displaycult.com/exhibitions/odor_limits.html Odor Limits]

== Inspiration-Expiration ==
; Bogusław Buszewski, Martyna Kęsy, Tomasz Ligor, Anton Amann : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmc.835/pdf Human Exhaled Air Analytics: Biomarkers of Diseases]
; Sabrina Raaf : [http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=13 Breath I: Pleasure] [http://www.raaf.org/projects.php?pcat=2&proj=15&sec=images# Breath Cultures]

; Jarosław Kozakiewicz : [http://www.kozakiewicz.art.pl/wpis_en.php?id=38 Oxygen Towers]
; Tomas Saraceno : [http://www.artscatalyst.org/projects/detail/poeticcosmosofthebreath/ Poetic Cosmos of the Breath]
; Ruud Kaulingfreks , René Ten Bos : [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/learningtofly_Kaulingfreks.pdf Learning to Fly: Inspiration and Togetherness]
; M. J. Parkes : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625/full Breath-holding and Its Breakpoint]

== Airborne Anxieties ==
; Simon Luechinger : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02241.x/full#fn1 Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach]
; G. Liccardi, A. Custovic, M. Cazzola, M. Russo, M. D'Amato, G. D'Amato : [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008705.x/full Avoidance of Allergens and Air Pollutants in Respiratory Allergy]
; Lisa Fong Poh Ng ; [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000066 The Virus That Changed My World ]
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVLo2CtB3GA&feature=related How Flu Viruses Attack] : <youtube>TVLo2CtB3GA</youtube>
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soh3P0ITtE8 What You Should Know About Biological Warfare] : <youtube>Soh3P0ITtE8</youtube>
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty1SMtpuaO4&feature=related How to Survive- Biological or Chemical Attack] : <youtube>ty1SMtpuaO4</youtube>
; Critical Art Ensemble : [http://www.critical-art.net/mp.html Bodies of Fear in a World of Threat]
; Beatriz da Costa : [http://www.pigeonblog.mapyourcity.net/index.php Pigeonblog]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Air/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/LifeofAir.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

The in/visible/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:52:19Z

Pw: Unprotected "The in/visible/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible Back to the book] 
'''Invisible Web''' 
Lewandowski, D. & Mayr, P. (2006), 'Exploring the Academic Invisible Web', ''Library Hi Tech'', 24 (2006) 4. pp. 529-539.[http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0702/0702103.pdf http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0702/0702103.pdf] 
Licence: © 2006 Lewandowski ''et al''.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Madhavan, J., Afanasiev, L., Antova, L. & Halevy, A. (2009) ‘Harnessing the Deep Web: Present and Future’, arXiv.org, September. [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0909/0909.1785.pdf http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0909/0909.1785.pdf] Licence: © 2009 Madhaven et al.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Basu, S. (2010) '10 Search Engines to Explore the Deep Web', ''Makeuseof'', March 14: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/.  
Made available here via a link to [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/ http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/]. 
'''Black Holes''' 
Jacobson, T. & Sotiriou, T.P. (2009) ‘Might Black Holes Reveal their Inner Secrets?’, essay written for ''FQXi ''essay competition 'What is Ultimately Possible in Physics', Third Prize Winner, based on ''Phys. Rev. Lett''. 103, 141101 (2009), http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1006/1006.1763v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2009 Jacobson & Thomas P. Sotirou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Sesana, A. Gair, J., Berti, E., & Volonteri, M. (2010)  ‘Reconstructing the Massive Black Hole Cosmic History through Gravitational Waves’, November. Published February 15, 2011 in ''Phys.Rev.''D83:044036,2011. e-Print: arXiv:1011.5893 [astro-ph.CO], http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1011/1011.5893v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2011 Sesana et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Miller, J.H. (1999) ''Black Holes: J. Hillis Miller; or, Boustrophedonic Reading. ''Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Made available here via a link to Google Books: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yhZTV07yZHQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=black+holes+hillis+miller&hl=en&ei=zP1xTt25LI-w8QPZiNmZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false 
Licence: © 1999 Stanford University Press. Made available here via a link to Google Books. 
'''Invisibility Cloak''' 
Chen, X., Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, K., Pendry, J.B. & Zhang, S. (2011) ‘Macroscopic Invisibility Cloaking of Visible Light,’ ''Physical Review Letters ''106 (3), January. Submitted to arXiv.org October 2010. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1012/1012.2783.pdf 
Licence: © 2010 Chen ''et al''. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Xie, Y., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Zhu, L., Ma, H., & Dong, J.-W. (2010) ‘An invisibility Cloak Using Silver Nanowires’, arXiv.org, October. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1010/1010.2405.pdf 
Licence: © 2010 Xie et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Chen, H., Chan, C.T., Liu, S. and Lin, Z. (2009), ‘A Simple Route to a Tunable Electromagnetic Gateway’, ''New Journal of Physics ''11 (8), August. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0905/0905.1273v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2009 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Zhang, S., Genov, D.A., Sun, C., Zhang, X. (2008) ‘Cloaking of Matter Waves’, ''Physical Review Letters'', vol. 100, Issue 12, March. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0801/0801.2223.pdf 
Licence: © 2008 Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Fridman, M., Farsi, A., Okawachi, Y., Gaeta, A.L. (2011) 'Demonstration of Temporal Cloaking', ''arXiv.org'', July. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1107/1107.2062v1.pdf Licence: © 2011 Fridman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
'''Dark Matter''' 
Hadley, M.J. (2007) 'Classical Dark Matter', ''arXiv.org'', January. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0701/0701100v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2007 Hadley et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Vitale, V., Morselli, A., (2010) ‘Indirect Search for Dark Matter from the Center of the Milky Way with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope’, arXiv.org, December. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0912/0912.3828v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2010 Vitale & Morselli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Helfer, H.L. (2003) ‘On the Interpretation of the Local Dark Matter’, arXiv.org, August. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0308/0308054v1.pdf 
Licence: © 2003 Helfer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Kornmesser, M., & Christensen, L.L., ESA / Hubble (2007), ‘Searching for Dark Matter’, ''Cosmos Video News Release''. Made available here via Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCgTJ6ID6Z. 
Albrecht, A. ''et al'' (2005), ‘Report of the Dark energy Task Force’. Made available here via a link to report on National Science Foundation website: http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/DETF_Report.pdf 
Most text appearing on NSF web pages was either prepared by employees of the United States Government as part of their official duties and therefore not subject to copyright or prepared under contracts that gave the Foundation the right to place the text into the public domain. Courtesy: National Science Foundation.   
'''Stealth''' 
Neele, F. P., Wilson, M. & Youern, K. (2005). 'Stealth Technology: Proposed New Method of Interpretation of Infrared Ship Signature Requirements'" ''Naval Forces'' 26(6): 32-40. Link to Waikato Research Commons http://hdl.handle.net/10289/3303 
Licence: © 2005 Neele et al. All items in Research Commons are provided only to permit fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. They are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. 
Hambling, D. (2001) ‘Vanishing Point’, ''The Guardian'', 7 June. Made avalable here via a link to Guardian Online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2001/jun/07/physicalsciences.highereducation/print 
Licence: © 2001 ''The Guardian'' 
Poteat, G. (1998) 'Stealth, Countermeasures and ELINT 1960-1975', ''Studies in Intelligence'', 48 (1): 51-59, Available in The National Security Archive, The George Washington University, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf 
Licence: © Poteat 1998. An independent non-governmental research institute and library located at The George Washington University, the Archive collects and publishes declassified documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. The Archive also serves as a repository of government records on a wide range of topics pertaining to the national security, foreign, intelligence, and economic policies of the United States. 
Paglen, T. (2010) ''Invisible: Covert Operations and Classified Landscapes''. Aperture. Link to Paglen’s website: http://www.paglen.com/ 
'YF-22 and YF-23 - Stealth Technology' (2009). Made available here via a link to Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5aytDSnuxk 
'''Seeing and Unseeing''' 
Miller, H.C., Rayburn-Reeves, R. & Zentall, T.R. (2009) 'What Do Dogs know about Hidden Objects?'. Published in final edited form at ''Behavioural Processes ''81(3), July 2009: 439-46. Available in draft form at ''PubMed Central'' via NIH Public Access: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696049/pdf/nihms108736.pdf 
Licence: © 2009 Miller '''et al''. 
Lupyan, G. & Spivey, M. J. (2010) ‘Making the Invisible Visible: Verbal but Not Visual Cues Enhance Visual Detection,’ ''PLoS One'' 5(7): e11452. Published online July 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898810/pdf/pone.0011452.pdf 
Licence: © 2010 Lupyan & Spivey. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
Wolf, M.(2008) ‘The Transparent City’. Made available here via a link to Wolf’s website: http://www.photomichaelwolf.com/transparent_city_details/ 
Rees, G. (2008) ‘The Anatomy of Blindsight’. Published in final edited form as ''Brain'' 131(Pt 6) 2008 June: 1414–1415. Author manuscript; available in PMC  December 13, 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602754/pdf/ukmss-3295.pdf 
Licence: © Rees 2008. 
'''Microscopic''' 
Wigan, W. ‘Micro Sculptor’. Made available here via a link to website: http://www.willard-wigan.com/video.aspx 
Z. Wang, W. Guo, L. Li, B.S. Luk'yanchuk, A. Khan, Z. Liu, Z. Chen, M. Hong, (2011) ‘Optical Virtual Imaging at 50 nm Lateral Resolution with a White Light Nanoscope’, ''Nature Communications'' 2, March: 218. Link to pdf at: http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/staff/academic/profile/publications/index.html?staffId=30. 
Licence: © 2011 Macmillan Publishers. Made available here via a link to a self-archived version by the author on the Manchester University website. 
'Invisibility', ''Physicsworld'', 24(7), July. Available to download at http://download.iop.org/pw/PW_jul11_sample_issue.pdf 
'''Introduction''' 
Fig 1. 'Gravitational Lensing', NASA, http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/22aug06.html Illustration Credit : NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. 
Fig. 2. The copyright holder of this file, NASA/ESA/Richard Massey, allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted.

The in/visible/introduction

2011-10-25T19:52:01Z

Pw: Unprotected "The in/visible/introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible Back to the book]
 
= Clare Birchall '''Introduction''' =
 ‘Light is too corruptible, too shifting and inconstant to form the basis of the relationship to the self and to the All.’ (Irigaray, 1974: 148) ‘Incredible how you can see right through me.’ (Queen, ‘Invisible Man’) Given that the essence of the invisible lies in our inability to see it, the large number of cultural attempts to represent and mobilise it as metaphor presents an irony. The use of invisibility as a trope dates back at least to the legend of Gyges, discussed in Plato's ''Republic'', written around 360 BC. Gyges discovers a ring that makes him invisible; the advantage this bestows helps him to win a kingdom. Ancient etymology indicates that the name of Hades, Greek god of the underworld, means ‘invisible’ and in mythology, a helmet, rather than a ring, enables Hades to escape detection (Roman & Roman, 2009: 182). More recently, H.G. Wells warned of its dangers, exploring the suspicion and havoc invisibility can wreak; Queen have sung about its appeal; and Harry Potter dons an invisibility cloak to vanquish dark forces in the first book. In philosophy, at least for Merleau-Ponty and Derrida, albeit in different ways, the possibility of perception relies on the difference between the visible and invisible (see Reynolds, 2004). After Adam Smith, economists refer to the ‘invisible hand’ of the market: indicating a supposedly self-regulating entity. In terms of identity politics the invisible is used as a marker of the marginalised and voiceless – unrecognised by the state or society and without power, they are ''effectively ''invisible. Ralph Ellison’s ''Invisible Man'', for example, begins: ‘I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fibre and liquids - and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me’ (1952: 1). As a result of all this cultural activity around the invisible, the strangeness, the absence, the alterity that attracts us, and encourages us to find ways to represent invisibility through existing paradigms, is undoubtedly domesticated. The trope of invisibility clearly has creative, political, epistemological and cultural force. But invisibility is not just a cultural trope: it is a physical state from which these other uses borrow meaning. Invisible matter is that which neither reflects nor absorbs light. It is a state that assumes its full resonance in relation to a human viewer: invisibility is nothing more than that which lies outside the visible spectrum (although we will need to consider the role of technology in the enhancement of vision and detection). In this respect, invisibility is not a positive property of the matter observed, but a limitation in, or manipulation of, the observer’s visual apparatus. Such a description works just as well at the metaphorical level - whether we are referring to cultural limitations, as with Ellison’s white folk, or psychological limitations in which the psyche refuses to face certain events or truths - as it does in reference to the physiological limitations of the human eye. Of course, it is not the case that we have the physical state of invisibility as a scientific object on the one hand, and cultural attempts to represent it on the other. Science, too, seeks ways to represent that which is invisible. It is highly concerned with how to make invisible matter visible (or at least visible enough for us to secure proof of existence). In this joint concern, both science and culture (if we can even separate these realms at all) mediate our understanding of the invisible. Language is one apparatus used to bring the invisible into what we can only metaphorically refer to as the ‘line of vision’, whether this be the trick of creative representation, access to God through religious texts and images, consciousness raising of marginalised human experience through written testimony, or the writing up of scientific experiments. Some phenomena require ways of ‘seeing’ which are less about visibility than cognition. Take ‘dark matter’, for example – a term Fritz Zwicky invented in the 1930s to refer to the missing mass of galaxies – which can only be hailed by mathematical calculation. These calculations estimate the non-baryonic mass present given the gravitational influence on the motion of gas and stars in galaxies and galaxies within clusters. 

[[Image:Nasa1.jpg|border|left|143x111px|Dark Matter Lensing - Illustration Credit NASA/CXC/M. WEISS]]

'''Fig 1: Dark Matter Lensing''' 'Gravitational lensing can be used to determine the location of mass in a galaxy cluster. Gravity from mass in the galaxy cluster distorts light from background galaxies. In the idealized case shown here, two distorted images of one background galaxy are seen above and below the real location of the galaxy. By looking at the shapes of many different background galaxies, it is possible to make a map showing where the gravity and therefore the mass in the cluster is located. This technique can show where dark matter resides.' (NASA, 2006) 

Through recording the effects of gravitational lensing (See Fig. 1) astronomers continue in their attempts to visualise the invisible. Much interest has been generated by this ‘3D dark matter map’ (see Fig.2), for example.

 [[Image:Nasa2.png|left|249x187px|Nasa2.png]]  

 '''Fig. 2. The Distribution of Mass in the Hubble Space Telescope COSMOS Survey''' What we see in this visualisation is the transformation of radically invisible matter, matter that does not interact with light in any wavelength, into a visual mode. This is not a ''re''presentation of the invisible, for this invisible matter has never presented itself to us before (it is not now invisible after having been visible, it is not a modified version of visibility). Rather, all this visualisation can show is an hypothesis – a possible presentation – the one which makes most sense given the data available. Our understanding of the universe becomes dependent upon this invisible element. We cannot make sense of the universe, we cannot make it visible without the invisible. (In a similar vein, we could consider how scientists at the [http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html Large Hadron Collider] suspect they have caught the first ‘glimpse’ of the ‘missing’ particle known as Higgs boson [or more controversially, the ‘God particle’], thought to give mass to the basic building blocks of nature [see Sample, 2011].) Understanding, accountability, visibility and visuality have arguably never been more connected in the public sphere, beyond the confines of the science lab. We are told today that transparency, for example, is the key to not only understand financial markets, government agencies, and private corporations but prevent malfeasance in these arenas too. Off the record encounters are reconfigured as conspiracy. A liberal notion of privacy is tolerated, but secrecy generates nothing but suspicion. Though this drive for openness and transparency is positioned as a democratic good, we can also read it as a disciplinary technique of surveillance that privileges only certain criteria of inclusion into the official record (akin to forms of audit culture). Gary Hall argues that this drive for openness is more a mechanism of Deleuzian societies of control than the panoptical model of surveillance associated with Foucault’s disciplinary societies. Hall points out that while disciplinary societies allowed for moments of resistance, societies of control are: 'able to consume the minds and bodies of individuals completely: to the point where no aspect of life - work, leisure, play - escapes organization and exploitation by capital. Witness, to provide some 21st century examples, the way in which increases in computer power and the availability of large, complex data sets are enabling a degree of data mining and pattern recognition to be achieved that makes it possible to automatically anticipate and predict – and thus control, albeit in a comparatively open flexible fashion that is immanent to both the social field and to subjectivity – actions on the part of the subject before they actually take place' (2011). The imperative for governments, data, subjects, motives, feelings (matter, even) to be transparent and visible leaves no space for resistance to take hold. Moreover, this imperative is enabled by a dispersed, techno-human assemblage that we cannot simply oppose because of our role within, and acquiescence to, it. We may have access to an unprecedented amount of data through open government initiatives and e-search engines, but we are a constitutive element of that data and have already been analysed, categorised, interpellated by commercial, political and cultural (new) mediators that have more effective means of mining (our) data. Besides, data is now subject to a demand that extends beyond mere visibility. The visible must now be aesthetic; it must be visual, it must be, as the title of [http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/Titles/45455/information-is-beautiful-david-mccandless-9780007294664 David McCandless’ bestselling book] suggests, beautiful (2010). It is not enough, that is, to make data available, one must draw it out of the shadows of the deep web’s darkest archives and use it to produce attractive data visualisations. The drive is evident in recent initiatives by journalists, the digital humanities, the sciences, and the transparency movement. Yet, the assumed link between visibility and the concept of transparency in public, cultural, commercial and political life is not unproblematic given the scientific properties of transparent matter. Gases are invisible rather than visible precisely because they are transparent (wavelengths of visible light can pass easily through their loosely arranged atoms). Obviously, the cultural trope of transparency works on the idea that we can see into, if not through, a transparent organisation, say. Transparency in an organisation is supposed to help us see that organisation more clearly (its codes and conduct, its culture and finances etc.). But in material terms, transparency might help the observer to see the context or environment within which transparent matter operates, just as our knowledge of transparent matter helps us to understand how light waves work, but transparency in this context does nothing to help us see the 'thing' itself (in fact transparency secures the impossibility of this). Seeing through is not the same as seeing. Transparency – strictly, or scientifically speaking – is invisibility. These two contradictory meanings co-exist – transparency as visibility; transparency as invisibility. I want to propose that culture represses this second meaning because of an anxiety generated by invisibility. As nature abhors a vacuum, culture might abhor invisibility: to accept invisibility (as in the case of dark matter discussed above), to not desire to translate and draw it into the visible spectrum, runs counter to the still pervasive project of the Enlightenment. In this narrative, the invisible merely presents a challenge: it is positioned as an obstacle to overcome. Nothing is purely or radically invisible (even dark matter). If we cannot see something, it is just that we have not yet found a way of seeing it. Invisibility is thus considered a temporary state to overcome. Its dissolution – our desire and determination to overcome it, to translate it into visibility – is written into our understanding of the invisible. Invisibility is always defined etymologically in reference to what it lacks: it is a negative state. Invisibility is thwarted visibility; visibility in waiting. Technology – microscopes, telescopes, night vision goggles - has become enlisted in the service of this drive to render objects/matter/phenomena observable, to overcome the limitations of human vision and conquer invisibility. Our techno-scopic endeavours have led to atomic force microscopes that can produce images of a strand of DNA. [http://hubblesite.org/ The Hubble Space Telescope], launched 20 years ago, has enabled us to see the [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/24/image/b/ deep field], [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/15/ Crab Nebula] and [http://hubblesite.org/gallery/tours/tour-m16/ Eagle Nebula]. Its younger sibling, Spitzer, sees in infrared. Hubble’s successor, the [http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/ James Webb Space Telescope], will, if current funding issues can be overcome, have seven times the collecting power. Layering (cultural notions of) transparency upon visual capability, NASA provides a [http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/webcam.html webcam] of the JWST being built. In this way, users of home computers can view the efforts of techno-scopic science so that it’s not just scientists who have a monopoly on seeing. Vision is seemingly democratised, even when the issue of who gets to set the frame and the conditions of visibility or visuality are firmly a matter of power. (I will return to this issue below.) Despite this strong desire to draw the invisible into the visible realm, a pull in the opposite direction is also evident. Science is as concerned with how to make the visible invisible as it is the invisible visible. By creating metamaterials that can manipulate the index of light refraction, an ‘invisibility cloak’ is becoming increasingly possible. The first breakthrough in 2006 at Duke University created a ‘cloak’ that deflected microwave beams to flow around an object, making it appear invisible in the microwave frequency. Ironically, the objects rendered invisible in this and other similar experiments are too small to be visible to the naked eye anyway (Cai & Shalaev, 2011: 33). Physicists at Cornell are developing time-space cloaks – so rather than cloaking an object, they seek to cloak an event – hence the term ‘temporal cloaking’ (McCall & Kinsler, 2011: 35-38). In terms of real world applications, invisibility is a valuable commodity in modern warfare. Military camouflage is entering a new phase as scientists at BAE Systems create e-ink camouflage that displays images on the side of a vehicle which reflect the environment - and which change in real time. The military is also interested in acoustical cloaking as sound waves might be easier to manipulate than lightwaves (Leonhardt, 2011: 26). By developing materials that absorb radar signals stealth technology creates aircraft that are effectively ‘invisible’ to radar. In situations where remaining undetected is the key to survival, invisibility is highly desirable. At first, the quest for invisibility (as opposed to attempts to render the invisible visible) seems the more ‘radical’ challenge as it interrupts the scopic privilege of Enlightenment science. A success in the physics of invisibility would produce nothing to see: it would resist the logic of revelation. Invisibility also challenges a binary logic that suggests matter is either present or absent. As wavelengths are manipulated and our ability to see an object obscured, the object is coterminously present and not present in a highly ambivalent state of existence. (This is what makes invisibility a philosophical as well as scientific subject.) And yet, the teleological narrative of scientific advancement – whereby the state of invisibility is seen as a goal to achieve – plays down the undecidable ontology of invisibility. This might just be a demystification of the sort rationality and reason have administered for hundreds of years. But to set up invisibility as the positivistic goal of a quest (many reports on invisibility cloaks describe it as a ‘holy grail’) renders it knowable, desirable, ‘visible’ through projection, desire, narrative, metaphor before it is allowed to be truly invisible. As with the desire to make invisible matter visible (discussed above), the quest to make visible matter invisible also ensures that the invisible is never pure: it is inflected by the visible before it is invisible in this context. Though hard won in reality, the state of manufactured invisibility has been easily realised in fictive worlds. In H.G. Wells’ ''Invisible Man'', Griffin – a maverick physicist – stumbles across ‘an idea that might lead to a method by which it would be possible to, without changing any other property of matter - except, in some instances, colours - to lower the refractive index of a substance, solid or liquid, to that of air’ (Wells, 1897/2005: 89). He designs a method to lower the refractive index of the human body, of himself, and bleaches his blood to achieve invisibility. Though the central event in the pre-narrative of the novel is a scientific experiment, invisibility is not only a physical state here, it is also a potent metaphor. Griffin inspires suspicion in the first place not because he is invisible but because he is ‘an unusually strange sort of stranger’ (15). It’s true that his attempts to make himself visible (by wrapping himself in bandages and wearing goggles) inspire unease, but it’s also his resistance to social niceties that increases the anxiety of those who encounter Griffin. Mrs Hall, who manages the rooms Griffin takes at the Coach and Horses, attempts to make enquiries, to converse with him in a familiar manner, but such attempts fall flat. Even before the fact of his invisibility is realised, the invisible man is considered strange because he refuses to enter into the required social exchange, because he shirks the social contract. In fact, he proves himself to be aberrant even before he achieves invisibility – as he steals from his own father and stands unmoved by his suicide. Invisibility, here, stands for otherness. (We could also note that the film version of the ''Invisible Man'' directed by James Whale is not really about invisibility at all – rather it is about the medium of film exploring its own limits, its capacity to create special effects.) In the novel, as in other fictional accounts – filmic, televisual and literary – invisibility raises moral and ethical questions. Griffin abuses his invisibility because he can. Unobservable violence proves too tempting. As Sydney Perkowitz reports, the fear of capture restrains man’s brutality and enforces a moral code (2011: 22). The current championing of transparency discussed above is also presented in moral terms: making an organisation’s transactions visible is a way of fostering accountability and responsibility, or at least to appear to be proactive in this respect. Organisations want to be seen to be visible for the invisible carries with it the cultural taint of immorality. This moral register, which operates on the level of individual responsibility, can be reframed as a question of state power. Scopic control has long been recognised as a matter of discipline – who and what is made visible to the state clearly has material effects. Beyond state models of surveillance, we can consider the relationship between vision and power in other contexts. For example, Laura Mulvey’s ‘male gaze’ has dominated a discussion of gendered looking since she first used this phrase in the 1970s to describe the way the film apparatus supports the scopophilic viewer and the objectification of women. As noted above, there is a political economy at work that determines who has access to scopic apparatus (to render the invisible visible) and technical equipment and research facilities (to render the visible invisible). More than this, however, we can see how military interest in camouflage, stealth technology, and (more speculatively) visual and temporal cloaking means that visibility/invisibility research is embroiled in geo-political power (as well as the more quotidian issue of knowledge access that is a structural feature of research universities). It is not only the unlikelihood of a human achieving the state of invisibility that confirms ''The Invisible Man'' as fiction today, but that a lone maverick like Griffin, working without institutional support, should achieve it. While research institutes have a monopoly on ‘real life’ scientific invisibility, however, cultural invisibility can be employed as a resistant strategy by anyone (see Weate, 2003). While we can be made invisible by ideology (through racist, sexist, or western-centric discourse), we can also use it in order to make resistant political gestures or gains. Invisibility as secrecy has been a constant theme of left praxis: think of McCarthy-era Communist cells, the Zapatistas’ use of the balaclava, black bloc anti-capitalist masking (see Bratich, 2007: 49), the Guerrilla Girls’ assumption of pseudonyms and gorilla masks, or Bakunin’s recommendations for a secret brotherhood or alliance to take a few examples. Elsewhere, I have called this a commons of the secret (Birchall, 2011) – but we can amend this here to a commons of invisibility. This democratisation seems to only occur in culture (for reasons of cost, training, facilities and access already acknowledged). This commons might only make sense in the cultural realm on a metaphorical level, whereby it is ‘as if’ someone/something were invisible. And yet, the availability of scientific research through open access archives, a fact that makes this Living Book possible in the first place, suggests if not a commons of invisibility then at least a commons of invisibility research. Though Griffin might not have access to the kind of facilities necessary to achieve the physical state of invisibility, he wouldn’t have to physically search for esoteric texts to understand the methodology needed. Invisibility research is widely available today – it has, we could say, never been more visible. As this Living Book gathers scientific and cultural explorations into the unseen, it plays a small part in the democratisation of knowledge about invisibility. At the same time, the book also constitutes another attempt to harness and reduce the alterity at work in invisibility. How could we better do justice to invisibility? How could we more effectively align representations of invisibility and the state/condition itself? A blank page? A minute of static? Perhaps it is simply important to acknowledge the role that representation plays in not only mediating but creating the invisible. This introduction and the papers and websites that are included in this Living Book (whether of the sciences or arts) therefore play an active rather than passive role in our understanding of invisibility (see Barad, 2007; Kember & Zylinska, forthcoming).

Return to [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible In/Visible Living Book]

 '''References''' Barad, K. (2007) ''Meeting the Universe Halfway'', Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Birchall, C. (2011) ‘Invisibility, Interrupted: Secrets of the Left,’ ''Theory, Culture & Society'', forthcoming. Bratich, J. (2007) ‘Popular Secrecy and Occultural Studies,’ ''Cultural Studies ''21(1): 42-58. Cai, W. & Shalaev, V. (2011) ‘Into the Visible,’  ''Physicsworld ''24 (7) July: 30-34. Ellison, R. (1952) ''Invisible Man''. New York: Random House. Hall, G. (2011) ‘On the Limits of Openness: Cultural Analytics and the Computational Turn in the Digital Humanities’, unpublished paper. Irigaray, I. (1974) ‘Young Virgin, Pupil of the Eye,’ ''Speculum of the Other Woman'', trans. G. C. Gill. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press: 147-151. Kember, S. & Zylinska, J. (forthcoming) ''Life After New Media.'' Cambridge MA.: MIT Press. Leonhardt, U. (2011) ‘What we won’t be seeing,’ ''Physicsworld ''24 (7) July: pp 26-28. Massey, R. (2007) ‘Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding,’ ''Nature ''445, 18 January: 286-290 McCall, M. & Kinsler, P. (2011) ‘Cloaking Space-Time,’ ''Physicsworld ''24 (7) July: 35-38. McCandless, D. (2010) ''Information is Beautiful''. London and New York: Harper Collins. NASA (2006), 'Scientists find evidence of Dark Matter', August 6. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/22aug06.html Reynolds, J. (2004) ''Merleau-Ponty and Derrida: intertwining embodiment and alterity''. Ohio University Press. Perkowitz, S. (2011) ‘Detecting the Light and Deceiving the Gods,’ ''Physicsworld'' 24 (7): 21-25. http://download.iop.org/pw/PW_jul11_sample_issue.pdf Roman, L. and Roman, M. (2009) ''Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology''. Infobase Publishing. Sample, I. (2011), ‘Scientists Suspect Glimpse of "God particle",' ''The Guardian''. 23 July: 13. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/jul/22/cern-higgs-boson-god-particle Weate, J. (2003) ‘Changing the Joke: Invisibility in Merleau-Ponty and Ellison,’ ''Philosophia Africana ''6 (1): 5-21. Wells, H.G. (1897/2005) ''The Invisible Man''. London and New York: Penguin.

The in/visible

2011-10-25T19:51:50Z

Pw: Unprotected "The in/visible"

[[Image:InvisibleCover1.jpg|right|318x450px|InvisibleCover1.jpg]]

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/bio Clare Birchall]
__TOC__

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/introduction Introduction]==
Given that the essence of the invisible lies in our inability to see it, the large number of cultural attempts to represent and mobilise it as metaphor presents an irony. The use of invisibility as a trope dates back at least to the legend of Gyges, discussed in Plato's ''Republic'', written around 360 BC. Gyges discovers a ring that makes him invisible; the advantage this bestows helps him to win a kingdom. Ancient etymology indicates that the name of Hades, Greek god of the underworld, means ‘invisible’ and in mythology, a helmet, rather than a ring, enables Hades to escape detection (Roman & Roman, 2009: 182). More recently, H.G. Wells warned of its dangers, exploring the suspicion and havoc invisibility can [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb3n0g2NenI&feature=related wreak]; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65why7alD3Y Queen] have sung about its appeal; and Harry Potter dons an invisibility cloak to vanquish dark forces in the first book. In philosophy, at least for Merleau-Ponty and Derrida, albeit in different ways, the possibility of perception relies on the difference between the visible and invisible (see Reynolds, 2004). After Adam Smith, economists refer to the ‘invisible hand’ of the market: indicating a supposedly self-regulating entity. In terms of identity politics the invisible is used as a marker of the marginalised and voiceless – unrecognised by the state or society and without power, they are ''effectively ''invisible. Ralph Ellison’s ''Invisible Man'', for example, begins: ‘I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fibre and liquids - and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me’ (1952: 1). As a result of all this cultural activity around the invisible, the strangeness, the absence, the alterity that attracts us, and encourages us to find ways to represent invisibility through existing paradigms, is undoubtedly domesticated. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/introduction (more)]

==Invisible Web==
; Dirk Lewandowski and Philipp Mayr : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0702/0702103.pdf Exploring the Academic Invisible Web]
; Jayant Madhavan, Loredana Afanasiev, Lyublena Antova and Alon Halevy : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0909/0909.1785.pdf Harnessing the Deep Web: Present and Future]
; Makeuseof : [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/ 10 Search Engines to Explore the Deep Web]

==Black Holes==
; Ted Jacobson and Thomas P. Sotiriou : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1006/1006.1763v1.pdf Might Black Holes Reveal their Inner Secrets?]
; Alberto Sesana, Jonathan Gair, Emanuele Berti, Marta Volonteri : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1011/1011.5893v1.pdf Reconstructing the Massive Black Hole Cosmic History through Gravitational Waves]
; J.Hillis Miller : [http://books.google.com/books?id=yhZTV07yZHQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hillis+miller+black+holes&hl=en&ei=aCb_TbaDMcmY8QP86bGBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Boustrophedonic Reading: Black Holes]

==Invisibility Cloak==
; Xianzhong Chen, Yu Luo, Jingjing Zhang, Kyle Jiang, John B. Pendry and Shuang Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1012/1012.2783.pdf Macroscopic Invisibility Cloaking of Visible Light]
; Yangbo Xie, Huanyang Chen, Yadong Xu, Lin Zhu, Hongru Ma, and Jian‐Wen Dong : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1010/1010.2405.pdf An Invisibility Cloak Using Silver Nanowires]
; Huanyang Chen and Che Ting Chan, Shiyang Liu and Zhifang Lin : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0905/0905.1273v1.pdf A Simple Route to a Tunable Electromagnetic Gateway]
; Shuang Zhang, Dentcho A. Genov, Cheng Sun, Xiang Zhang : [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0801/0801.2223.pdf Cloaking of Matter Waves]
; Moti Fridman, Alessandro Farsi, Yoshitomo Okawachi, Alexander L.Gaeta : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1107/1107.2062v1.pdf Demonstration of Temporal Cloaking]

==Dark Matter==
; Mark J. Hadley : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0701/0701100v1.pdf Classical Dark Matter]
; Vincenzo Vitale, Aldo Morselli : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0912/0912.3828v1.pdf Indirect Search for Dark Matter from the center of the Milky Way with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope]
; H. L. Helfer : [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0308/0308054v1.pdf On the Interpretation of the Local Dark Matter]
; Andreus Albrecht et al. : [http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/DETF_Report.pdf Report of the Dark Energy Task Force]
; Cosmos Video News Release – [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCgTJ6ID6ZA 'Dark Matter 3D Map' Open in YouTube] : <youtube>gCgTJ6ID6ZA</youtube>

==Stealth==
; F. P. Neele, M. Wilson and K. Youern : [http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz//handle/10289/3303 'Stealth' Technology: Proposed New Method of Interpretation of Infrared Ship Signature Requirements]
; David Hambling : [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2001/jun/07/physicalsciences.highereducation/print Vanishing Point]
; Gene Poteat : [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf Stealth, Countermeasures and ELINT 1960-1975]
; Trevor Paglen : [http://www.paglen.com/ Invisible]
; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5aytDSnuxk YF-22 and YF-23 - Stealth Technology] : <youtube>X5aytDSnuxk</youtube>

==Seeing and Unseeing==
; Holly C. Miller, Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves, and Thomas R. Zentall : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696049/pdf/nihms108736.pdf What Do Dogs know about Hidden Objects?]
; Gary Lupyan and Michael J. Spivey : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898810/pdf/pone.0011452.pdf Making the Invisible Visible: Verbal but Not Visual Cues Enhance Visual Detection]
; Michael Wolf : [http://www.photomichaelwolf.com/transparent_city_details/ The Transparent City]
; Geraint Rees : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602754/pdf/ukmss-3295.pdf The Anatomy of Blindsight]

==Microscopic==
; Willard Wigan : [http://www.willard-wigan.com/video.aspx Micro Sculptor]
; Z. Wang, W. Guo, L. Li, B.S. Luk'yanchuk, A. Khan, Z. Liu, Z. Chen, M. Hong : [http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/staff/academic/profile/publications/index.html?staffId=309 Optical Virtual Imaging at 50 nm Lateral Resolution with a White Light Nanoscope]

==What this Living Book Might've Looked Like if I Were a Physicist==
; [http://download.iop.org/pw/PW_jul11_sample_issue.pdf 'Invisibility', Physicsworld, Vol.24, No.7, July 2011]

==[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/The_in/visible/Attributions '''Attributions''']==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/invisible.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Symbiosis/Introduction

2011-10-25T19:51:31Z

Pw: Unprotected "Symbiosis/Introduction"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/symbiosis Back to Contents of Symbiosis]

[[Image:Cladonia macilenta.jpg|182x200px|Cladonia macilenta]] [[Image:Amphiprion percula.JPG|265x200px|Amphiprion percula.JPG]] [[Image:PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg|182x200px]]

'''Introduction: symbiosis as a living evolving critique'''

Different species, interacting in a symbiotic fashion, living together over a prolonged period of time, eventually co-evolving into new species: this vision of the biological phenomenon of symbiosis has created a strong impression—both of symbiosis as a metaphor and a material reality—of species in an intimate relationship together, cooperating in spite of differences, of becoming something else and transgressing boundaries. This idea has turned the concept of symbiosis, in its many guises and definitions,[1] into a breading ground for a posthuman, biologically and ecologically informed critique. Less focused on the biological process of symbiosis as such, our focus in ''Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution'' is more on how symbiosis can be used as a means to argue for an alternative worldview and even a better world. Interestingly, Angela Elizabeth Douglas notices a similar effect in her book ''The Symbiotic Habit'' (2010), where she talks about the growing importance of ‘applied symbiosis research’. Douglas refers above all to how research into symbiotic processes has the potential to help solve some of the practical problems mankind is facing through anthropogenically induced effects, such as climate change and environmental disasters; and in this way influence and improve (our) ecosystem(s) and make the world in which we live much healthier (Douglas, 2010: viii).

This living book consists of a number of examples of how symbiosis has been deployed. For instance, as a critique of the mainstream Darwinian idea of evolution as struggle; of the anthropocentric worldview that operates within the sciences and society at large; and of the idea of organisms or objects as static and isolated entities. Given the way in which symbiotic processes offer seeds for alternative worldviews, research on symbiosis has been taken-up as providing evidence for becoming as an infinite creative process, for the (animal, microbal, machinic, and/or virtual) other as an integral part of the multiple I, and for the integrated cooperation of living and non-living affects as one interconnected mesh.

''Otherness, process, multiplicity and cooperation''

For the biologist Lynn Margulis, (endo)symbiosis has been the major theme around which she has developed her—for some quite controversial—evolutionary biological research. In her book ''Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution'' (1999), Margulis states that in science there are still many (hidden) assumptions to the effect that man is the center of things and resides in the middle of the chain of evolution, ‘below god and above rock’ (Margulis, 1999: 8-9). However, as Margulis has argued in her revolutionary work on the importance of endosymbiosis for evolution, all life forms can be seen to have evolved from microbes, from (the interactions between) bacteria. In some cases symbiosis even evolves into symbiogenesis, when certain forms of long-term living together lead to the appearance of new species or new organs. Here, organisms merge with other organisms, acquiring their gene sets in the process (Margulis, 1999: 8-9). Margulis’ main claim, for which she draws on earlier work by the biologist Ivan Wallin amongst others, is thus that in most cases evolutionary novelty arises as a consequence of symbiosis, which goes directly against (or, in a less radical view, compliments) a Darwinian ‘nucleocentric view of evolution as a bloody struggle of animals (Margulis, 1999: 19-20). Margulis’ claims concerning symbiosis, and her use of the concept of symbiosis, have been seen as somewhat controversial and extreme within mainstream evolutionary biology, not only because of her insistence on symbiosis and evolutionary cooperation as an alternative theory to that of Darwinian struggle, but also due to her insistence that it was not just plants an animals that evolved from the interaction of microbes [2], but all life-forms. And as she herself puts it, ‘the idea that new species arise from symbiotic mergers among members of old ones is still not even discussed in polite scientific society’ (Margulis, 1999: 7).

What makes Margulis even more suspect in some biological circles is the way her theory of symbiosis and symbiotic evolution has been adopted by New Age-inspired environmental and deep ecology movements; and how most importantly her use of symbiosis in biological discourse has been connected with James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis. The latter proposes a holistic view of the earth (Gaia) as a self-regulating whole of organic and inorganic matter, operating as a close unity by means of a feedback system. This idea is visible in many present-day ecosophies. However, the mixing of a near spiritual and religious rhetoric with scientific facts was not deemed intellectually serious by many biological researchers, and was regarded as being too harmonious and too regulated (instead of an unconscious mechanism), according to the ‘struggle as survival’ evolutionary strand of neo-darwinians.[3]

''Symbiotic becomings''

Developments in modern biology, including the new emphasis on the importance of symbiosis for evolution, played an important role in what has come to be characterized as poststructuralist and posthuman thinking. In particular, biologically oriented ‘earthly processes’ (as opposed to transcendental ideas) and new evolutionary theories were an influential reference point for the construction of the geophilosophy of Deleuze and Guatarri, in which the latter argue for a ‘virtually limitless connectivity between heterogeneous beings’ (Chisholm, 2007). However, Dianne Chisholm, in her reading of Deleuze and Guattari’s geophilosophy, strongly contrasts their theories with ideas connected to the Gaia hypothesis or holism. From Deleuze and Guattari’s perspective, disparate processes of symbiosis and evolution don’t resolve into a synthetic unity; rather, as Chisholm states, their philosophy ‘deterritorialize(s) Gaia's unified field’ (Chisholm, 2007).

Deleuze and Guattari use symbiotic processes in another way to ground their philosophy. Aspects of their symbiotic critique can be seen to be directed against ideas of classification by filiation, stable identity (instead of identity as becoming) and the single unified entity (as opposed to the self as a pack of multiplicities and assemblages). Using the concept of symbiosis, Deleuze and Guattari first of all critique modern science and the way it is only able to think in terms of filiations, of mimesis.[4] This critique of classification is also visible in Margulis’ work where she uses symbiosis to problematize the mainstream way of classifying species. She argues against oversimplified and dangerous categorizations into ‘plants, animals and germs’, arguing that in many cases differences between plants and animals are not that easy to make and, as she puts it, a ‘more scientific’ division can also be made between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, crushing the age-old divide between plants and animals (who are far more alike then they are presented as being in mainstream classifications) (Margulis, 1999: 56). Different, distinct kingdoms are thus, in the terminology of both Deleuze and Guattari and Margulis, hard to establish and maintain.

Deleuze and Guattari adopt a similar approach of using the concept of symbiosis to help critique classification and genealogical evolution when they discuss their idea of neoevolutionism. In a neoevolutionist approach classifications are not made according to filiation, or by imitating or identifying with something/someone, but by ‘transversal communications between heterogeneous populations’ (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 239). Chisholm summarises Deleuze and Guattari’s neoevolutionism as follows: ‘Instead of specific genealogical lineages of origin, selection, reproduction, and evolution, they map a non-teleological and unpredictable network of symbiotic alliances, trans-species affiliations, symbiogenesis, and co-evolution’ (Chisholm, 2007).

Deleuze and Guattari thus propose a non-classification of becoming, preferring the term ‘involution’ for evolution between heterogeneous terms, as an alternative to ‘evolution’ (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 238-239). They specifically use symbiosis to explain their idea of becoming (which is rhizomatic and is directed against thinking in genealogies), where symbiosis can be seen as the underlying basis of their "creative involution." As they state: ‘Becoming produces nothing by filiation; all filiation is imaginary. Becoming is always of a different order than filiation. It concerns alliance. If evolution includes any veritable becomings, it is in the domain of symbioses that bring into play beings of totally different scales and kingdoms, with no possible filiation’ (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 238-239).

The critique of a static individual is something that is again also visible in biological research, where symbiosis has been used to challenge the boundaries of an organism. Margulis also states that every individual consists of multi-unit symbiotic individuals, as they continually merge to regulate their reproduction to generate new populations. She, like Deleuze and Guattari, speaks about how every ‘individual organism’ in a ‘species’ is ‘really a group, a membrane-bounded packet of microbes that looks like and acts as a single individual’ (Margulis, 1999: 11). This directly relates to Deleuze and Guattari’s idea that every animal is a band or a pack, which is very important for the concept of human becoming-animal, being fascinated by both the multiplicity outside us (the pack of animals) and the multiplicity that is already dwelling inside of us (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 239-240). Deleuze and Guattari’s non-classification of symbiotic becoming can be seen as a viral evolution, based on contagion (instead of heredity), where animals as packs originate, develop and transform by means of viral contagion (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 241).

Their vision of an individual is that it consists of an infinite multiplicity, where multiplicities made up of heterogeneous terms continuously transform or cross over into each other. Multiplicities co-functioning via a viral logic of contagion then enter into assemblages. Becoming and multiplicity basically mean the same thing in Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy, and here again they use symbiosis to define and explain one of their core concepts:

<blockquote>Since its variations and dimensions are immanent to it, it amounts to the same thing to say that each multiplicity is already composed of heterogeneous terms in symbiosis, and that a multiplicity is continually transforming itself into a string of other multiplicities, according to its thresholds and doors (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 275).</blockquote>

The concept of assemblage as applied in Deleuze and Guattari’s geophilosophy, can thus be seen to do away with the nature-culture distinction. Assemblages also incorporate non-organic matter. Tools as instruments get incorporated into and are inseparable from the assemblage, creating a machinic phylum. In this manner humans are also related to non-living/non-organic beings through assemblages. An assemblage keeps different types of objects, heterogeneous elements, together; objects and elements that continuously enter into relations with one another, where the affects of a body enter into composition with other affects. This entering of affects again has a symbiotic character:

<blockquote>We know nothing about a body until we know what it can do, in other words, what its affects are, how they can or cannot enter into composition with other affects, with the affects of another body, either to destroy that body or to be destroyed by it, either to exchange actions and passions with it or to join with it in composing a more powerful body (Deleuze and Guattari, 1988: 256).</blockquote>

Chisholm remarks that these kind of machinic assemblages, or symbiosis with inorganic life, are the vitalist element behind creating more life in a non-reproductive way. Symbiotic couplings or machinic assemblage between unlike things create something other than themselves, something more creative (Chisholm, 2007).

''Symbiotic systems and ecologies''

In both systems theory and media studies a symbiotic critique following the idea of machinic assemblages can be seen to have gained ground, arguing for the importance of seeing non-organic processes and nature-culture assemblages as inherent to information-processing entities. In research into media ecologies media are seen, in a symbiotic fashion, as cooperating open systems, producing something more through their interactions than (the sum of) their separate parts. Thus Matthew Fuller, in his book on ''Media Ecology'', uses Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the machinic phylum to describe the tension between the discrete parts of a specific medium or a specific media ecology and their multiplicitous becomings. From this point of view, media should be seen as complex dynamical systems (ecologies), as networks of objects and processes, and it is their interconnectedness that we should be interested in (Fuller, 2005: 6). Similarly, Jussi Parikka, in his volume ''Insect Media'', is interested in the intertwining of animals and technology. Like Fuller, he is not interested in studying media as fixed substances but in their becomings (exploring media archaeology). These machinic assemblages are in Parikka’s work not merely metaphoric suggestions, but function as a means to rethink the material basis of media and how matter can be seen as an active agent. Media can thus be seen as ‘a realms of affects, potentials and energetics’ (Parikka, 2010: xxvii). Media bodies emerge as part of the environments in which they are embedded, interconnected through their intensive capabilities. In this sense, as Parikka states, we (humans, animals, insects, bacteria) are all media and are of media, arguing for a vision on media ecologies that is more inclusive (Parikka, 2010: xxvii).

Van Loon argues for a similar emphasis on the material basis of media over and above merely metaphorical imagery, when he discusses the importance of symbiotic processes to any understanding of the interactions in (complex) systems theory. Not only does biology and science as such use symbiosis as a metaphor too, Van Loon argues that political processes are no less real than let’s say bacteria. As he states:

<blockquote>The point to make here is simply that if we understand that the basic process in symbiosis is a form of interaction between two or more different information processing systems, that in turn work to manipulate and modify their environment according to better their chances of survival, than it should become clear that this includes both organic and inorganic information-processing systems (Van Loon, 1999).</blockquote>

Van Loon explains how in systems theory, symbiosis has been used to show how evolution through associations can explain how new organisms ‘emerge’ far more effectively than natural selection. In opposition to a systems theory based on natural selection, Van Loon argues that such a politics of survival can be seen as fascist as it privileges the autonomy of the individual over that of the community. Complex systems always arise through symbiosis as they are assemblages of information-processing devices. Van Loon goes on to show how community as it emerges, functions and evolves via a symbiotic parasite politics, a parasite politics that can be seen as the essence of a community. Here he regards the parasite as ‘the other’ that makes up the community-in-difference (Van Loon, 1999).

This living book forms another machinic assemblage between heterogenous and discrete information-processing entities. Within it you will find a collection of media resources, interacting in and within a wider media ecology, resources that apply symbiotic critique within their particular networks. That is to say, they use symbiotic processes to argue for a different worldview. Brought together in this living book they merge and form symbiotic alliances from which they will continue to evolve.

''Evolution, ecology, posthumanism and augmentation''

This living book is divided in four sections. The first part of ''Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution'' looks at symbiosis as an evolutionary process, the second part at the relationship between symbiosis and ecology, the third at the role symbiosis played in discourses on the posthuman. The fourth part of the book then provides a more speculative glance into a future of augmented and virtual reality and an evolving symbiosis between the virtual and the real.

Part one of ''Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution'', which focuses on ''Symbiosis and Evolution'', contains two articles that serve as both an introduction to, and an example of, symbiosis. The first of these, ‘How Symbiosis can Guide Evolution’, is an example of the use of the concept of symbiosis to battle by (neo)Darwinism inspired theories of evolution. It describes the creation of a computational model that shows how the formation of symbiotic relations in a given ecosystem influences genetic variation. It is followed by Fabio Lucian and Samuel Alizon’s ‘The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Rapidly Mutating Virus within and between Hosts: The Case of Hepatitis C Virus’, which looks at the evolution of the Hepatitus C virus in a within-host environment, describing the parasitic relationship of the virus with the host-body.

The second set of articles in the part on ''Symbiosis and Evolution'' then looks at the process of endosymbiosis (symbiosis inside the body/cell) in particular. The article by Xu et al. looks at the evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the human intestine and the article by Wernegreen looks at the interactions (via associations or genetic conflicts) of bacteria within and with insects, and the possibility of genetic manipulation in this evolutionary interaction.

Finally, the third set of articles in the part on ''Symbiosis and Evolution'' looks at the origin of the theory of symbiogenesis, incorporating the seminal 1927 book Symbionticism and the origin of species by American biologist Ivan Wallin, which made the then highly controversial claim that cells evolved by symbionticism, by the formation of microsymbiotic complexes. In this book Wallin describes the emergence of mitochondria as the incorporation of independent bacteria inside of existing cells, which evolved to what we now know as organelles. In an overview article, biologist Lynn Margulis goes back to the origin of the theory of symbiogenesis (and to Wallin and his Russian colleagues) to explore the roots of her own work and the development of her groundbreaking Serial Endosymbiosis Theory (SET) at the same time.

The second part of this liquid book looks at the relationship of symbiosis with ecology. In the opening section on community ecology, the article 'The Roles and Interactions of Symbiont, Host and Environment in Defining Coral Fitness', looks at the complex interactions between the coral host, the algal symbiont, and the environment, and the role symbionts play in this community ecology with respect to the community’s (the coral holobiont’s) fitness, and their ability to determine what the effects of global climate change on this ecology might be. An important aspect of many discourses surrounding ecology is the upkeep of the level of biodiversity and complexity of a given system or ecology. The article by Toft, Williams, and Fares, looks at this aspect of biodiversity as a measure of the health of ecosystems and the role symbiosis (especially with respect to the way proteobacteria interact with insects) plays in generating species diversity.

Symbiosis also plays a role in those discourses surrounding ecology that go beyond a single community or ecological system to focus instead on the ecosystem that makes up the world as a whole. The notion of the world functioning as one big ecosystem is reflected in Timothy Morton’s work and the importance he gives to the idea of interconnectedness. Echoing processes of symbiosis, his concept of the Mesh is set up against nature-culture distinctions, but focuses on the interconnectedness of existence, seeing existence as first of all a co-existence.

Symbiosis has also been influential in the previously mentioned Gaia hypothesis. Here symbiosis, ecology and interconnectedness are taken to a point of spiritual culmination where the whole biosphere can be seen as a single complex planetary system consisting of organic and inorganic components. In The Systems View of Life, a chapter from his book The Turning Point, Capra looks at these interrelationships from a systems point of view, seeing living organisms as open systems, functioning in their interactions with others and their environment on different levels of the overall system. Stephen B. Scharper, in his overview article on Gaia, reviews theories by Lovelock, Margulis and others that have concentrated on the idea of the earth as a living organism. He focuses amongst other things on the way Gaia combined scientific discoveries with a ‘religious imagination’. Timothy Morton, in his podcast on Lynn Margulis and Gaia, notes the differences between her view on symbiosis and the way it was adopted in Gaia Theory.

This part of the book on ''Symbiosis and Ecology'' ends with Matthew Fuller’s Media Ecologies, in which he adapts the concept of ecology to media, showing how media as interacting objects, and media systems, function as ecologies. Like different species interacting in a symbiotic way to create new species, Fuller shows how a mobile phone, for instance, can be seen as a ‘media assemblage’.

The third part of the book on ''Symbiosis and Posthumanism'', looks at the influence of symbiosis on thinking about non-organic matter and its interactions with organic matter. Symbiosis has played an important role in discourses on the posthuman: for instance, in Lickliders seminal speculative paper on the possibilities of man-machine symbiosis. Schalk updates Licklider’s article, using contemporary developments in computing and information processing to show how Licklider’s utopian vision was not so much utopian as making a case for technological improvements. Schalk argues that brain-computer symbiosis or partnerships are a logical step in the course of our evolution.

The next section on ''Symbiotic Intelligence'' expands on the possibility of symbiotic intelligence by combining computing with (neural) networks. The article that opens this section, Forming Neural Networks Through Efficient and Adaptive Coevolution, by Moriarty and Miikkulainen, discusses a novel neuroevolutionary approach to mobile robotics using the Symbiotic Adaptive NeuroEvolution system (SANE). It argues for the benefits of using co-evolutionary algorithms to solve complex control problems. The importance of dynamic or distributed problem-solving, of ‘collective decision making’ and symbiotic intelligence is also discussed in Johnson’s overview of symbiotic intelligence and human-net interactions.

Another aspect of the importance of symbiosis is discussed in the paper by Bhan et al. on human-animal symbiosis resulting in chimeras (human-animal hybrids). This article discusses the importance that the development of chimeras could play in vaccine development, were it not for the strong ethical problems involved in this form of symbiotic evolution.

The last section in this part of the book looks at machine-nature interactions. Here Schhuppli’s article ‘Of Mice Moths and Men Machines’, describes the coevolution of machine’s with living matter through the example of Hopper’s bug, arguing that mutations, chaos and viral infections are necessary for systems to survive and evolve. Jussi Parikka, in his essay on digital monsters and binary aliens, goes deeper into this discourse of the viral as a negative control-issue in the present capitalist system. He shows how on the other hand capitalism itself is integrally viral. Parikka explores these contradictory themes of the viral as the enemy of capitalism and at the same time integral to its logic of expansion, positioning them as two intertwined discourses.

The final part of the book on ''Symbiosis and Augmentation'' looks at possibilities for both augmenting man with machinic prosthetic tools via neural networks, and for augmenting reality with overlaid or augmented virtual worlds. The article ‘Exploiting co-adaptation for the design of symbiotic neuroprosthetic assistants’, by Sanchez et al. looks at the incorporation via the brain of neuro-prosthetic tools through neurological networks. This can be seen as an example of human-tool symbiosis where, through the cognitive space of the brain, tools can be used as extensions or ‘enhancements’ of the body.

The book’s final part ends with a poetic experiment involving text and bacteria and with two descriptions of media art, which experiment, with the symbiosis between the real and the virtual. ‘Carrier Becoming Symborg’, which is the title of a piece and text by Melinda Rackham, looks at the viral merging of biological code and source code. Her electronic literature piece about the Hepatitis C virus describes both life and literature as an infectious viral agent. Meanwhile Mitchell Whitelaw examines the work of Any Gracie and other examples of the bio/tech hybrid in media art, and talks about the importance of symbiosis in Gracie’s work: we when, for example, he creates augmented worlds in which real and virtual bacteria interact (in Autoinducer_Ph-1). Christian Bök in 'The Xenotext Experiment', describes his proposal for having a text living as a parasite within the cells of another life-form, by encoding a short verse from a poem into a sequence of DNA in order to implant it into a bacterium.

''Epilogue: The Symbiotic Book''

We should stress that this living book is also a symbiotic book. It is a merging and co-habitation of different media-species, a mash-up of text and video, sound and images, pixels and living, material tissue. The digital medium has in many ways made it possible for the book to become increasingly infected with foreign (non-textual) elements as it evolves into something different; into a becoming which might even lead to the disappearance of the book as we currently know it and to the rise of a new symbiotic book-evolved hybrid species.

In this context this symbiotic book on symbiosis also constitutes a tool for a critique which is directed at visions of the book which position it as a static, stable entity, a lifeless thing made out of dead trees. As a concept the symbiotic book argues for the book as becoming, as infinitely transforming and interacting and crossing over into other books and other discourses, a machinic assemblage of various discrete media entities, all of them interconnected. In this vision the networked, liquid books in the Living Books About Life series form an ecology of information, one that growes stronger and expands in mutual cooperation. Cooperation as books, as ‘lifeless entities’, or non-organic matter, also takes places with and via the living, with the human assemblages who create the books, feed into them, and make them part of the networks through which they algorithmically spread over the web, keeping the book alive, keeping it social.

The symbiotic book crosses boundaries, between the life sciences and the humanities, but also between the scholarly world and society at large, thus making it open for infection, for re-use, for remixing and change. The symbiotic book still has borders, though. Evolution is a slow process, heavily influenced by environmental and cultural barriers. Nevertheless, maybe some genetic modification might be beneficial in this respect.

'''Endnotes'''

1. About the lack of a uniform definition with respect to symbiosis, see: Douglas, A.E. (2010) The Symbiotic Habit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 4-5.

2. Margulis explains how symbiosis over a prolonged period of time led first to the evolution of complex cells with nuclei and then from there led to the evolution of other organisms such as fungi, plants, and animals (Margulis, 1999: 6).

3. For an overview of scientific criticism on the Gaia hypothesis, see: Scharper, S.B. (1997) Redeeming the Time: A Political Theology of the Environment. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 53-54.

4. As they state: Natural history can think only in terms of relationships (between A and B), not in terms of production (from A to x). Deleuze, G and Guattari, F. (1988) A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 234-235.

'''References'''

Chisholm, D. (2007) ‘Rhizome, Ecology, Geophilosophy (A Map to this Issue).’ ''Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge'', rhizomes.150 (winter).

Deleuze, G and Guattari, F. (1988) ''A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Douglas, A.E. (2010) ''The Symbiotic Habit.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.

Margulis, L. (1999) ''Symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution.'' Basic Books.

Parikka, J. (2010) ''Insect media. An archaeology of animals and technology.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Scharper, S.B. (1997) ''Redeeming the Time: A Political Theology of the Environment.'' New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.

Van Loon, J. (1999) ‘Parasite-politics: on the significance of symbiosis and assemblage in theorizing community-formations’, in Chris Pierson and Simon Tormey (eds), ''Politics at the Edge.'' The PSA Yearbook.

Symbiosis/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:51:07Z

Pw: Unprotected "Symbiosis/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis Back to the book]

Bhan, A., Singer, P.A. and Daar, S.A. (2010), 'Human-animal chimeras for vaccine development: an endangered species or opportunity for the developing world?' ''BMC International Health and Human Rights'', 10:8doi:10.1186/1472-698X-10-8. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/10/8/abstract Available here.]
This is a BMC Open Access article. BMC Open Access articles are immediately and permanently available online. Unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium is permitted, provided the article is properly cited. See BMC's [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/charter open access charter.]

Bök, C. (2008), 'The Xenotext Experiment', ''5:2 SCRIPTed 227'' DOI: 10.2966/scrip.050208.227. [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol5-2/editorial.asp Available here.]
© 2008 Dr. Christian Bök. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 UK: Scotland License.

Capra, F. (1982), 'The Systems View of Life', chapter in ''The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture''. New York: Simon and Schuster.
© 1982 Simon and Schuster. Copyrighted but [http://www.mountainman.com.au/f_capra.html available here.]

Daly, I., Nasuto, S.J., Warwick, K. (2011), 'Brain computer interface control via functional connectivity dynamics', ''Pattern Recognition'' doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2011.04.034. Copyrighted, abstract [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320311002032 available here.]

Fuller, M. (2005), 'Introduction', chapter in ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. MIT Press
© 2005 Matthew Fuller. Copyrighted but Sample Chapter available from MIT Press [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026256226Xintro1.pdf here]

Johnson, N.L. and Rasmussen S., 'Symbiotic Intelligence and the Internet: A Deeper Overview', Presented at the 6th Santa Fe Chaos in Manufactuing Conference April 1, 1998. Detailed summary of Johnson N., Rasmussen S., Kantor, M. 'The Symbiotic Intelligence Project. Self-Organizing Knowledge on Distributed Networks Driven by Human Interaction', ''New Frontiers in Collective Problem Solving'' Los Alamos Report LA UR-98-1150.
©2003 Norman L. Johnson. Copyrighted but available [http://collectivescience.com/deeper_overview.html here.]

Licklider, J.C.R. (1960), 'Man-Computer Symbiosis', ''IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics'', volume HFE-1, pages 4-11, March 1960.
©IRE (now IEEE) 1960. Copyrighted but available [http://memex.org/licklider.pdf here.]

Luciani, F., Alizon, S. (2009), 'The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Rapidly Mutating Virus within and between Hosts: The Case of Hepatitis C Virus', ''PLoS Comput Biol'' 5(11): e1000565. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000565. [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000565 Available here.]
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Margulis, L. (1991), 'Symbiogenesis and Symbionticism' in: René Fester (ed) ''Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis''. MIT Press.
© 1991 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Copyrighted but [http://books.google.com/books?id=3sKzeiHUIUQC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Lynn%20Margulis%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false available in Google Books].

Mieog, J.C., Olsen, J.L., Berkelmans, R., Bleuler-Martinez, S.A., Willis, B.L., et al. (2009), 'The Roles and Interactions of Symbiont, Host and Environment in Defining Coral Fitness', ''PLoS ONE'' 4(7): e6364. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006364. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006364 Available here]
Copyright: © 2009 Mieog et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Milius, S. (2010), 'Green Sea Slug Is Part Animal, Part Plant', ''Wired Science'' [http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/green-sea-slug/ Available here].
Wired.com © 2010 Condé Nast Digital. All rights reserved. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Condé Nast Digital.

Moriarty, D.E. and Miikkulainen, R. (1997) 'Forming Neural Networks Through Efficient and Adaptive Coevolution', ''Evolutionary Computation'' Winter 1997, Vol. 5, No. 4, Pages 373-399 doi:10.1162/evco.1997.5.4.373.
© 1997 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Copyrighted but available [http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/?moriarty:ec97 here.]

Morton, M. (2008), 'Lynn Margulis, Symbiosis, Ethics', podcast as part of the lecture series ''Literature and the Environment'', Fall 2008. Available in [http://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/literature-environment-fall/id399641376 iTunesU.]
© Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus, 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Parikka, J. (2005), 'Digital Monsters, Binary Aliens—Computer Viruses, Capitalism and the Flow of Information', ''Fibreculture'' Issue 4. [http://four.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-019-digital-monsters-binary-aliens-%E2%80%93-computer-viruses-capitalism-and-the-flow-of-information/ Available here.]
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). You may not use this work for commercial purposes. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

Rackham, M. (2001), 'Carrier becoming symborg', "Culture Machine", Volume 3. [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/291/276 Available here]
© 2001 Melinda Rackham. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Rackham, M. and Everett, D. (1999), 'Carrier (becoming symborg)', Electronic Literature Collection, volume 1. [http://collection.eliterature.org/1/works/rackham_everett__carrier_becoming_symborg.html Available here.]
Previous publication: carrier was published by Rackham in 1999 on her site, http://www.subtle.net/carrier.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License.

Sanchez, J.C., Mahmoudi, B., DiGiovanna, J., Principe, J.C. (2009), 'Exploiting co-adaptation for the design of symbiotic neuroprosthetic assistants', ''Neural Networks'', volume 22, issue 3, doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.03.015.
© 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyrighted, but [http://www.bme.miami.edu/nrg/publications/journal/journal%2019.pdf available here.]

Schalk, G. (2008), 'Brain Computer Symbiosis', ''J Neural Eng''. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 August 6. Published in final edited form as:
''J Neural Eng''. 2008 March; 5(1): P1–P15. Published online 2008 January 17. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/P01.
© 2008 Gerwin Schalk. Copyrighted Authors Manuscript available in [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722922/ PubMedCentral.]

Scharper, S.B. (1997), 'The Gaia Hypothesis. The world as a living organism', chapter in ''Redeeming the Time: A Political Theology of the Environment
'' New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.
© 1997 Stephen Bede Schaper. Copyrighted but available in [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-h4UqAHe4MMC&lpg=PA53&ots=vVwmgq055Q&dq=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&lr&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&f=false Google Books]

Schuppli, S. (2008), 'Of Mice Moths and Men Machines','' Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy'', Vol 4, No 1-2. [http://www.cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/download/103-222-1-PB.PDF Available here.]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License. Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings.

Toft, C., Williams, T.A., Fares, M.A. (2009), 'Genome-Wide Functional Divergence after the Symbiosis of Proteobacteria with Insects Unraveled through a Novel Computational Approach', ''PLoS Comput Bio''l 5(4): e1000344. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000344. [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000344 Available here.]
Copyright: © 2009 Toft et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Wallin, I.E. (1927), ''Symbionticism and the origin of species''. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company. [http://www.archive.org/download/symbionticismori00wall/symbionticismori00wall.pdf Available here]. The work is in the public domain. You can duplicate, build upon, and distribute it without permission from the right-holder.

Watson, R. A. and Pollack, J. B. (1999), 'How Symbiosis Can Guide Evolution', ''Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Advances in Artificial Life'' (ECAL 1999). Available in [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12009/ The University of Southampton eprints Open Access Repository.]

Wernegreen J.J. (2004), 'Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution', ''PLoS Biol'' 2(3): e68. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068 [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068 Available here]
Copyright: © 2004 Jennifer J. Wernegreen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Whitelaw, M. (2006) 'Andy Gracie: Symbiotic Circuits'. Article commissioned by ''Pylon'', and available on their [http://pylon.tv/index.php website].
© PYLON, the authors and artists as credited. All rights reserved. Copyrighted but [http://pylon.tv/andy_gracie_symbiotic_circuits.htm available here.

Xu, J., Mahowald, M.A., Ley, R.E., Lozupone, C.A., Hamady, M., et al. (2007) 'Evolution of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Distal Human Intestine', ''PLoS Biol'' 5(7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156 [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050156 Available here]
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Symbiosis

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Pw: Unprotected "Symbiosis"

[[Image:Symbiosis1.jpg|right|318x450px|Symbiosis1.jpg]]
Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution

''edited by'' [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/bio Janneke Adema and Pete Woodbridge]
__TOC__
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Introduction Introduction: Symbiosis as a Living Evolving Critique] ==

<youtube>FPGH7pk5RlQ</youtube>

Different species, interacting in a symbiotic fashion, living together over a prolonged period of time, eventually co-evolving into new species: this vision of the biological phenomenon of symbiosis has created a strong impression—both of symbiosis as a metaphor and a material reality—of species in an intimate relationship together, cooperating in spite of differences, of becoming something else and transgressing boundaries. This idea has turned the concept of symbiosis, in its many guises and definitions, into a breading ground for a posthuman, biologically and ecologically informed critique. Less focused on the biological process of symbiosis as such, our focus in Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution is more on how symbiosis can be used as a means to argue for an alternative worldview and even a better world.... ([http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Introduction more])

== Symbiosis and Evolution ==
{{#widget:Vimeo|id=7461457}}

; Watson, R. A. and Pollack, J. B. : [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12009/ How Symbiosis Can Guide Evolution]
; Fabio Lucian and Samuel Alizon : [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000565 The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Rapidly Mutating Virus within and between Hosts: The Case of Hepatitis C Virus ]
; Wired Science : [http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/green-sea-slug/ Green Sea Slug Is Part Animal, Part Plant]

=== Endosymbiosis ===

[[Image:Endosymbiosis.PNG|249x270px|Endosymbiosis.PNG]]

; Jian Xu, Michael A. Mahowald, Ruth E. Ley et.al. : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050156 Evolution of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Distal Human Intestine]

; Jennifer J. Wernegreen : [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068 Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution]

=== Symbiogenetics ===
; Lynn Margulis : [http://books.google.com/books?id=3sKzeiHUIUQC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Lynn%20Margulis%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false Symbiogenesis and Symbionticism]
; Ivan Emmanuel Wallin : [http://www.archive.org/download/symbionticismori00wall/symbionticismori00wall.pdf Symbionticism and the origin of species (1927)]

== Symbiosis and Ecology ==
=== Community Ecology ===
; Jos C. Mieog, Jeanine L. Olsen, Ray Berkelmans et.al. : [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006364 The Roles and Interactions of Symbiont, Host and Environment in Defining Coral Fitness]

<youtube>hbveXyfIllY</youtube> <youtube>LBR4pEC7kwU</youtube>

=== Biodiversity and complexity ===
; Christina Toft, Tom A. Williams, and Mario A. Fares : [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000344 Genome-Wide Functional Divergence after the Symbiosis of Proteobacteria with Insects Unraveled through a Novel Computational Approach]

=== Interdependence ===
; Timothy Morton – Thinking Ecology<nowiki>:</nowiki> The Mesh Part 1: <youtube>R-mWCPa9y3c</youtube>
; Timothy Morton – : [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viiA5s8DV7I Thinking Ecology: The Mesh Part 2]
; Timothy Morton – : [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNl6fOd26Q0 Thinking Ecology: The Mesh Part 3]

=== Life Systems and Gaia Hypothesis ===
; Fritjof Capra : [http://www.mountainman.com.au/f_capra.html The Turning Point: Chapter on the Systems View of Life]
; Stephen B. Scharper : [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-h4UqAHe4MMC&lpg=PA53&ots=vVwmgq055Q&dq=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&lr&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=james%20lovelock%20gaia%20symbiosis&f=false The Gaia Hypothesis. The world as a living organism]
; Timothy Morton : [http://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/literature-environment-fall/id399641376 Lynn Margulis, Symbiosis, Ethics] Track 30 of Literature and the Environment
; Lynn Margulis, Stephen Buhner and John Seed : Activism, Deep Ecology & the Gaian Era
<youtube>Zc99ikb3KXY</youtube>

=== Media Ecologies ===
; Matthew Fuller : [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026256226Xintro1.pdf Media Ecologies ]

== Symbiosis and Posthumanism ==
=== Human/Machine Symbiosis ===
; J.C.R. Licklider : [http://memex.org/licklider.pdf Man-Computer symbiosis]
; Gerwin Schalk : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722922/ Brain-Computer Symbiosis]

<youtube>oLalkcMDCwg</youtube>

=== Symbiotic Intelligence===
; David E. Moriarty and Risto Miikkulainen : [http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/?moriarty:ec97 Forming Neural Networks Through Efficient and Adaptive Coevolution]
; Norman L. Johnson and S. Rasmussen: [http://collectivescience.com/deeper_overview.html Symbiotic Intelligence and the Internet: A Deeper Overview]

===Human-animal hybrids, chimeras and symbiosis ===
; Anant Bhan, Peter A Singer, and Abdallah S Daar : [http://biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-698X-10-8.PDF Human-animal chimeras for vaccine development: an endangered species or opportunity for the developing world?]

=== Machinic assemblages: Bugs, machines and viruses ===
; Susan Schuppli : [http://www.cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/download/103-222-1-PB.PDF Of Mice Moths and Men Machines]
; Jussi Parikka : [http://four.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-019-digital-monsters-binary-aliens-%E2%80%93-computer-viruses-capitalism-and-the-flow-of-information/ Digital Monsters, Binary Aliens – Computer Viruses, Capitalism and the Flow of Information]

<youtube>XwpHhkXnWeA</youtube>

== Symbiosis and Augmentation ==

<youtube>VCYrW-G9Y6I</youtube>
; Justin C. Sanchez, Babak Mahmoudi, Jack DiGiovanna, Jose C. Principe : [http://www.bme.miami.edu/nrg/publications/journal/journal%2019.pdf Exploiting co-adaptation for the design of symbiotic neuroprosthetic assistants]
; Mitchell Whitelaw : [http://pylon.tv/andy_gracie_symbiotic_circuits.htm Andy Gracie: Symbiotic Circuits]
; Melinda Rackham : [http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/291/276 Carrier becoming symborg]
; Melinda Rackham and Damien Everett : [http://collection.eliterature.org/1/works/rackham_everett__carrier_becoming_symborg.html Carrier (becoming symborg)]
; Christian Bök : [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol5-2/editorial.asp The Xenotext Experiment]

== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Symbiosis/Attributions Attributions] ==

== A 'Frozen' PDF Version of this Living Book ==
; [http://livingbooksaboutlife.org/pdfs/bookarchive/Symbiosis.pdf Download a 'frozen' PDF version of this book as it appeared on 7th October 2011]

Pharmacology/Attributions

2011-10-25T19:50:25Z

Pw: Unprotected "Pharmacology/Attributions"

[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Pharmacology Back to the book] Black, J. (2010) 'Reflections on drug research', ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol 161, Issue 6. First published online 27 Oct 2010. Link to the article [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01019.x/pdf onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01019.x/pdf] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website  Rang, H.P. (2006) 'The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea', ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol 147: S1. First published online 2 Feb 2009. Link to the article [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457/pdf onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457/pdf]<nr> Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Vallance, P. and Smart, T.G. (2006) 'The future of pharmacology', ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol 147, Issue S1. First published online 2 Feb 2009. Link to the article [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454/pdf onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454/pdf] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Rutter, Joni L. (2006) 'Symbiotic Relationship of Pharmacogenetics and Drugs of Abuse', ''The AAPS Journal'', 8(1) Article 21. Link to article [http://www.aapsj.org/articles/aapsj0801/aapsj080121/aapsj080121.pdf www.aapsj.org/articles/aapsj0801/aapsj080121/aapsj080121.pdf] Licence: © 2006 Rutter  © 2006 The AAPS Journal. Supplied here as a link to The AAPS Journal website. Hunt, G., Moloney, M. and Evans, K. (2009) 'Epidemiology Meets Cultural Studies: Studying and Understanding Youth Cultures, Clubs and Drugs', ''Addict Research Theory ''17(6): 601–621. Link [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783660/?tool=pmcentrez www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783660/] Licence: NIH-PA author manuscript. Published in PubMed Central January 2, 1010 and available here via a link. Sussman, S., Pentz, M.A., Spruijt-Metz, D. and Miller, T. (2006) 'Misuse of "study drugs:" prevalence, consequences, and implications for policy', ''Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy'', 1:15. Link to article [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/15 www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/15] Licence: © 2006 Sussman ''et al''; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

 

Boyd, C.J. and McCabe, S.E. (2008) 'Coming to terms with the nonmedical use of prescription medications', ''Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy'', 3:22. Link to article [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/3/1/22 www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/3/1/22] Licence: © 2008 Boyd and McCabe; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Barrett, D. (ed.) (2011) ''Children of the Drug War: Perspectives on the impact of drug policies on young people". New York: I-Debate Press. ''Link to book [http://www.childrenofthedrugwar.org/ www.childrenofthedrugwar.org/] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. Healy, D. (2000)  'Psychopharmacology and the Goverment of the Self' Link to article [http://www.pharmapolitics.com/feb2healy.html www.pharmapolitics.com/feb2healy.html] Licence: This lecture document and the other documents on 'The Healy Affair' were circulated to Dr Bruce Charlton by Dr David Healy. They were all already in the public domain. Moncrieff, J. and Cohen, D. (2006) 'Do Antidepressants Cure or Create Abnormal Brain States?', PLoS Med 3(7): e240. June 6th. Link to article [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030240 www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030240] Licence: © 2006 Moncrieff and Cohen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Karlsen, S.N., Spigset, O. and Slørdal, R. (2008) 'The Dark Side of Ecstasy: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms After Exposure to 3,4-Methylenedioxymetamphetamine', ''Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology'', Volume 102, Issue 1,15–24. Link to article [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00159.x/full onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00159.x/full] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Halpern, J.H. ''et al ''(2011) 'Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs', ''Addiction, ''Volume 106, Issue 4, 777–786. Link to article [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x/full onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x/full] Licence: © 1999–2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Freely available in the Wiley Online Library and offered here as a link to the Wiley website. Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2008) 'Effectiveness of antidepressants: an evidence myth constructed from a thousand randomized trials?', ''Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine,'' 3:14. Link to article [http://www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-3-14.pdf www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-3-14.pdf] Licence: © 2008 Ioannidis; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Davis, J.L. ''et al ''(2011) 'Should We Treat Depression with drugs or psychological interventions? A Reply to Ioannidis', ''Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, ''6:8. Link to article [http://www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-6-8.pdf www.peh-med.com/content/pdf/1747-5341-6-8.pdf] Licence: © 2011 Davis ''et al''; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Everitt, B. (2009) 'The Neural Basis of Drug Addiction' (video). Link to MIT online video [http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/712 mitworld.mit.edu/video/712] Licence: © MIT OnlineVideo: MIT World is a free and open site that provides on demand video of significant public events at MIT. Heinrich, M. (2010) 'Ethnopharmacology in the 21st century – grand challenges', ''Frontiers in Pharmacology''. 1:8. Link to article [http://www.frontiersin.org/ethnopharmacology/10.3389/fphar.2010.00008/full www.frontiersin.org/ethnopharmacology/10.3389/fphar.2010.00008/full] Licence: © 2010 Heinrich. This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. Bussmann, R.W. and Sharon, D. (2009) 'Naming a Phantom - the Quest to Find the Identity of the Ulluchu, an Unidentified Cerimonial Plant of the Moche Culture in Northern Peru', ''Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedecine'', 5: 8. Link to article [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670266/?tool=pubmed www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670266/] Licence: © 2009 Bussmann and Sharon; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.  This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Padosch, S.A.,Lachenmeier, D.W, and Kröner, L.U. ( 2006) 'Absinthism: A Fictitious 19th. Centrury Syndrome with Present Impact', ''Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy'', 1:14. Link to article [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/14 www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/1/1/14] Licence: © 2006 Padosch et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Bullis, R.K. (2008) 'The “Vine of the Soul” vs. The Controlled Substances Act: Implications of the Hoasca Case', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, ''Vol 40 (2) 193-199. Link to article [http://www.journalofpsychoactivedrugs.com/Articles/Bullis%20402.pdf www.journalofpsychoactivedrugs.com/Articles/Bullis%20402.pdf] Licence: Freely available on the ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs ''website and provided here as a link. © 2008 Bullis; licensee ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs''. Saah, T. (2005) 'The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction', ''Harm Reduction Journal ''2: 8. Link to article [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1174878/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1174878/] Licence: © 2005 Saah; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Sullivan, R., Behncke, I. and Purushotham, A. (2010) 'Why Do We Love Medicines So Much?' EMBO Reports 11:8, 572-578. Link to article [http://kcl.academia.edu/RichardSullivan/Papers/258342/Why_do_we_love_medicines_so_much kcl.academia.edu/RichardSullivan/Papers/258342/Why_do_we_love_medicines_so_much] Licence: © 2010 Sullivan ''et al''; licensee EMBO. Author's self-archived copy provided here as a link here. Rahman, S.Z. ''et al ''(2007) 'Pharmacoenvironmentology – a component of pharmacovigilance', ''Environmental Health ''2007, 6:20. Link to article [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-20.pdf www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-20.pdf] Licence: © 2007 Rahman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Zimmer, L. 'The History of Cannabis Prohibition' Author's manuscript. Gyngell, K. (2011) 'The UK’s Treatment War on Drugs: A Lesson in Unintended Consequences and Perverse Outcomes', ''The Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice, ''5:1. Link to article [http://www.globaldrugpolicy.org/5/1/1.php www.globaldrugpolicy.org/5/1/1.php] Licence: © 2006 - 2011; ''The Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice. ''Freely available on ''The Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice ''website and provided as a link here. Pearce, D. (2010) 'Utopian Pharmacology'. Link to article [http://www.mdma.net/index.html www.mdma.net/index.html] Licence: © Jay, M. (2009) 'The Atmosphere of Heaven: the 1799 Nitrous Oxide Researches Reconsidered'. ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'', 63, 297-309. Link to article [http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/3/297.full.pdf+html?sid=eadf5d54-dc6b-4c9d-8719-f9b8aa5ef467 rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/3/297.full.pdf+html] Licence: © The Royal Society. Freely available on the Notes and Records of The Royal Society website and provided here as a link. Mann, J. (2011)  'No Laughing Matter', ''Chemistry World, ''June, 44-47. Link to article [http://www.rsc.org/images/Historical%20Profile%20-%20No%20Laughing%20Matter_tcm18-202509.pdf www.rsc.org/images/Historical%20Profile%20-%20No%20Laughing%20Matter_tcm18-202509.pdf] Licence: © Chemistry World. Freely available on the Royal Society of Chemistry website and provided as a link here. Boothroyd, D. (2006) 'Deposition: Drugs in Theory', (pre-proof copy of Chapter 1 of ''Culture on Drugs: Narco-cultural studies of high modernity. ''Manchester: Manchester University Press.) Licence: Author's self-archived copy. Link to article [http://kent.academia.edu/DaveBoothroyd/Papers/750975/Culture_On_Drugs_Narco-cultural_studies_of_high_modernity_Sample_chapter_ kent.academia.edu/DaveBoothroyd/Papers/750975/Culture_On_Drugs_Narco-cultural_studies_of_high_modernity_Sample_chapter_] Malins, P. (2004) 'Machinic Assemblages: Deleuze, Guattari and an Ethico-Aesthetics of Drug Use', ''Janus Head ''Special Issue: Addiction 7:1, Summer, 85-104. 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Miller, F.G., Wendler, D. and Swartzman, L.C. (2005) 'Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect', PLoS Med 2(9): e262.

Link to article [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020262 www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020262]

© 2005 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Yamamoto, R.T. ''et al ''(2007) 'Effects of perceived cocaine availability on subjective and objective responses to the drug'. ''Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy,'' 2:30.

Link to article [http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/2/1/30 www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/2/1/30] 

Licence: © 2007 Yamamoto et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

 

Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A. (1995) PiHKAL (Part 2)

Link to article [http://www.erowid.org/archive/hyperreal/drugs/pihkal/#COPYRIGHT www.erowid.org/archive/hyperreal/drugs/pihkal/#COPYRIGHT]

Copyright Notice: The Copyright for Part 1 of PiHKAL has been reserved in all forms and it may not be distributed. Part 2 of PiHKAL may be distributed for non-commerical reproduction provided that this notice, the cautionary notice and the ordering information are retained. Access here tp Part 2 courtesy of [http://www.erowid.org www.erowid.org]

 Video clips available via YouTube.